Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction
Volume 14,2025 Issue 6
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- Successful pregnancy after lipid emulsion therapy in a woman with recurrent pregnancy loss and recurrent implantation failure: A case report
- A retrospective analysis of endometrial receptivity array-personalized embryo transfer and its outcome among women with implantation failure
- Counselling based on reality therapy reduces the level of stress, anxiety, and depression inpregnant women awaiting amniocentesis result: A randomized trial
- Mobile applications for patients undergoing assisted reproduction: A systematic review of the gap between clinical research and practice
- Effect of neurokinin 3 receptor agonist senktide on the activation of hypothalamic nNOS neurons in cycling female rats
- The advantages of a group embryo culture approach for women of advanced age: A prospective study from a Tunisian reproductive center
- Diabetes mellitus-induced disruptions of male reproductive functions: A comprehensive review
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- Myo-inositol versus metformin effects on clinical features, endocrine and metabolicprofiles in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized controlledtrial
- Assessment of reproductive health service utilization in urban slums: Evidence from Western Rajasthan
- Embryo quality and chromosomal abnormality in embryos from couples undergoingassisted reproductive technology using preimplantation genetic screening
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2025,14(6):241-243, DOI: 10.4103/apjr.apjr_161_25
Abstract:
Male infertility is a global public health concern with widespread consequences. The need of the hour is to mount an inclusive and evidence-based public health response to efficiently address the complex social and medical issue of male infertility, and help couples in their reproductive journeys.
Male infertility is a global public health concern with widespread consequences. The need of the hour is to mount an inclusive and evidence-based public health response to efficiently address the complex social and medical issue of male infertility, and help couples in their reproductive journeys.
Dang-Quang Tran, Minh-Triet Ho, Thuy Thi-Thanh Tran, Tuyet Thi-Diem Hoang, Hang Thi Phan, Nam Nhat Nguyen, Van-Toi Vo, Huy Phuong Tran, Le-Giang Tran
2025(6):244-257, DOI: 10.4103/apjr.apjr_128_25
Abstract:
Objective: To evaluate mobile applications available for patients undergoing assisted reproduction and assess the extent of their clinical validation. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the Apple App Store and Google Play between September 1, 2023 and September 30, 2023 to identify mobile applications related to assisted reproduction. Apps were evaluated using the mobile app rating scale (MARS). In parallel, a literature search of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science was performed to identify clinical studies related to mobile applications in assisted reproduction. Clinical validation status and MARS scores were recorded, and findings were synthesized to highlight the gap between commercially available apps and research-based evidence. Results: From 1 143 apps screened, 11 met the inclusion criteria. Mean MARS score across apps was 3.63, with Leeaf scoring the highest (4.60). However, only one application (Embie) was supported by published research. The literature research identified 13 relevant studies, mostly randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, or usability studies. While research-based apps demonstrated clinical utility (e.g., MediEmo, PreLiFe, Patient Journey App), most were unavailable on app stores. This revealed a disconnect between research-backed applications and those accessible to patients. Conclusions: Although several mobile apps for assisted reproduction demonstrate high usability and quality, few are clinically validated. The lack of integration between research and practice highlights the need for stronger collaboration between researchers, developers, and policymakers to ensure that patients access safe and effective tools.
Objective: To evaluate mobile applications available for patients undergoing assisted reproduction and assess the extent of their clinical validation. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the Apple App Store and Google Play between September 1, 2023 and September 30, 2023 to identify mobile applications related to assisted reproduction. Apps were evaluated using the mobile app rating scale (MARS). In parallel, a literature search of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science was performed to identify clinical studies related to mobile applications in assisted reproduction. Clinical validation status and MARS scores were recorded, and findings were synthesized to highlight the gap between commercially available apps and research-based evidence. Results: From 1 143 apps screened, 11 met the inclusion criteria. Mean MARS score across apps was 3.63, with Leeaf scoring the highest (4.60). However, only one application (Embie) was supported by published research. The literature research identified 13 relevant studies, mostly randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, or usability studies. While research-based apps demonstrated clinical utility (e.g., MediEmo, PreLiFe, Patient Journey App), most were unavailable on app stores. This revealed a disconnect between research-backed applications and those accessible to patients. Conclusions: Although several mobile apps for assisted reproduction demonstrate high usability and quality, few are clinically validated. The lack of integration between research and practice highlights the need for stronger collaboration between researchers, developers, and policymakers to ensure that patients access safe and effective tools.
2025(6):258-264, DOI: 10.4103/apjr.apjr_126_25
Abstract:
Objective: To evaluate the effect of reality therapy counselling on the levels of stress, anxiety and depression of women awaiting the result of amniocentesis. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on the pregnant women who had referred to genetic laboratory to provide their amniocentesis samples in Isfahan, Iran from November 2019 to February 2020. Pregnant women were divided into the control and intervention groups. The control group received routine care. The intervention group received reality therapy counselling during eight merged sessions (two sessions in week). Each therapy session lasted for 90 to 120 minutes. Both groups completed the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 items (DASS-21) questionnaire level before and after the intervention. These three variables (depression, anxiety and stress) were the primary variables of the study. Results: 64 pregnant women were included, with 32 in each group. Before the intervention, the mean score of anxiety and depression had no significant difference between the control and intervention groups, but after the reality therapy counselling, the mean scores of stress, anxiety, and depression in the intervention group decreased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.001). Conclusions: Reality therapy counselling can be offered as a simple, effective and accessible way to reduce stress, anxiety and depression in women awaiting amniocentesis result.
Objective: To evaluate the effect of reality therapy counselling on the levels of stress, anxiety and depression of women awaiting the result of amniocentesis. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on the pregnant women who had referred to genetic laboratory to provide their amniocentesis samples in Isfahan, Iran from November 2019 to February 2020. Pregnant women were divided into the control and intervention groups. The control group received routine care. The intervention group received reality therapy counselling during eight merged sessions (two sessions in week). Each therapy session lasted for 90 to 120 minutes. Both groups completed the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 items (DASS-21) questionnaire level before and after the intervention. These three variables (depression, anxiety and stress) were the primary variables of the study. Results: 64 pregnant women were included, with 32 in each group. Before the intervention, the mean score of anxiety and depression had no significant difference between the control and intervention groups, but after the reality therapy counselling, the mean scores of stress, anxiety, and depression in the intervention group decreased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.001). Conclusions: Reality therapy counselling can be offered as a simple, effective and accessible way to reduce stress, anxiety and depression in women awaiting amniocentesis result.
Asha S Vijay, Raajam Murali SR, Pallavi R Gangatkar, Deepthi Venkatesh, Shweta Ashok Harnal, Tanvi Khandekar
2025(6):265-270, DOI: 10.4103/apjr.apjr_82_25
Abstract:
Objective: To assess whether personalized embryo transfer guided by endometrial receptivity array (ERA) improves implantation and pregnancy rates in women with implantation failure. Methods: This retrospective case-control study was conducted on women with previous implantation failure. The women were divided into two groups, i.e., women who underwent ERA and those who underwent embryo transfer without ERA testing. ERA was performed using Igenomix. ERA results were interpreted as receptive or non-receptive. Women underwent frozen embryo transfer on the 6th day of progesterone (P+5). The primary outcomes were implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, abortion rate, and negative pregnancy rate. Results: This study included 229 women with previous implantation failure, with 154 in the ERA group and 75 in the no ERA group. The mean age of the women of the ERA group was (32.2±4.1) years, and that of the no ERA group was (31.5±4.8) years. Women in the ERA group had a higher implantation rate (60.4%) and clinical pregnancy rate (57.1%) compared to those in the no ERA group (48.0% and 46.7%, respectively). In addition, implantation rate of the non- receptive ERA group was higher than the no ERA group (65% vs. 48%), and clinical pregnancy rate was also higher in the non-receptive ERA group than the no ERA group (65% vs. 47%). The abortion rate of the no ERA group was 9% and that of the non-receptive ERA group was 10%. 52% no ERA group women and 35% non-receptive ERA group women had negative pregnancy results. Conclusions: Women who have undergone personalised embryo transfer guided by ERA have a higher clinical pregnancy rate than women who have not after previous implantation failure.
Objective: To assess whether personalized embryo transfer guided by endometrial receptivity array (ERA) improves implantation and pregnancy rates in women with implantation failure. Methods: This retrospective case-control study was conducted on women with previous implantation failure. The women were divided into two groups, i.e., women who underwent ERA and those who underwent embryo transfer without ERA testing. ERA was performed using Igenomix. ERA results were interpreted as receptive or non-receptive. Women underwent frozen embryo transfer on the 6th day of progesterone (P+5). The primary outcomes were implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, abortion rate, and negative pregnancy rate. Results: This study included 229 women with previous implantation failure, with 154 in the ERA group and 75 in the no ERA group. The mean age of the women of the ERA group was (32.2±4.1) years, and that of the no ERA group was (31.5±4.8) years. Women in the ERA group had a higher implantation rate (60.4%) and clinical pregnancy rate (57.1%) compared to those in the no ERA group (48.0% and 46.7%, respectively). In addition, implantation rate of the non- receptive ERA group was higher than the no ERA group (65% vs. 48%), and clinical pregnancy rate was also higher in the non-receptive ERA group than the no ERA group (65% vs. 47%). The abortion rate of the no ERA group was 9% and that of the non-receptive ERA group was 10%. 52% no ERA group women and 35% non-receptive ERA group women had negative pregnancy results. Conclusions: Women who have undergone personalised embryo transfer guided by ERA have a higher clinical pregnancy rate than women who have not after previous implantation failure.
2025,14(6):271-281, DOI: 10.4103/apjr.apjr_209_24
Abstract:
Objective:To assess the effects of azoxystrobin on sperm quality, hormone levels and testicular structure in Swiss albino mice. Methods: 48 Swiss albino male mice were divided into 7 groups containing 6 mice in each group except Group Ⅶ in which 12 mice were taken. Group Ⅰ served as the control group and treated with vehicle (distil water for 30 and 60 days). Azoxystrobin at three different doses (125, 250, 500 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered to Group Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ for 30 days and Group Ⅴ, Ⅵ and Ⅶ for 60 days. After dose completion, sperm parameters, hormonal profile and testis histology were analysed. Half animals of group Ⅶ (500 mg/kg body weight) were left untreated for next 30 days to assess the recovery from reproductive toxicity. Results: At azoxystrobin 125 and 250 mg/kg, sperm viability, count, and motility remained largely unaffected, but a significant decline was observed at azoxystrobin 500 mg/kg after 30 days. After 60 days, all dose levels led to a significant decrease in sperm parameters. Morphological abnormalities in sperm, such as globular heads, bent or coiled tails, and headless or tailless sperm, were noted to be increased in a dose dependent manner. Antioxidant parameters, serum level of reproductive hormones and steroidogenic enzymes followed a similar trend with non-significant changes at low and medium doses but a marked decline at the high dose after both 30 and 60 days of exposure. Histopathology of testis also revealed degenerative changes in seminiferous tubules and Leydig cell. Conclusions: Azoxystrobin exposure at high dose (500 mg/kg) affects sperm quality and disrupts testicular function via potentially impairing antioxidant defences, deregulating steroidogenesis in Swiss albino male mice.
Objective:To assess the effects of azoxystrobin on sperm quality, hormone levels and testicular structure in Swiss albino mice. Methods: 48 Swiss albino male mice were divided into 7 groups containing 6 mice in each group except Group Ⅶ in which 12 mice were taken. Group Ⅰ served as the control group and treated with vehicle (distil water for 30 and 60 days). Azoxystrobin at three different doses (125, 250, 500 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered to Group Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ for 30 days and Group Ⅴ, Ⅵ and Ⅶ for 60 days. After dose completion, sperm parameters, hormonal profile and testis histology were analysed. Half animals of group Ⅶ (500 mg/kg body weight) were left untreated for next 30 days to assess the recovery from reproductive toxicity. Results: At azoxystrobin 125 and 250 mg/kg, sperm viability, count, and motility remained largely unaffected, but a significant decline was observed at azoxystrobin 500 mg/kg after 30 days. After 60 days, all dose levels led to a significant decrease in sperm parameters. Morphological abnormalities in sperm, such as globular heads, bent or coiled tails, and headless or tailless sperm, were noted to be increased in a dose dependent manner. Antioxidant parameters, serum level of reproductive hormones and steroidogenic enzymes followed a similar trend with non-significant changes at low and medium doses but a marked decline at the high dose after both 30 and 60 days of exposure. Histopathology of testis also revealed degenerative changes in seminiferous tubules and Leydig cell. Conclusions: Azoxystrobin exposure at high dose (500 mg/kg) affects sperm quality and disrupts testicular function via potentially impairing antioxidant defences, deregulating steroidogenesis in Swiss albino male mice.
2025(6):282-284, DOI: 10.4103/apjr.apjr_117_25
Abstract:
Rationale: Recurrent pregnancy loss and recurrent implantation failure are frequently linked to immune dysregulation, particularly heightened natural killer (NK) cell activity, cytokine imbalance, and autoantibody presence. Lipid emulsion therapy, originally designed for parenteral nutrition, is increasingly recognized for its immunomodulatory potential in reproductive medicine. Patient concerns: A 34-year-old woman with five years of infertility, four first-trimester miscarriages, and three failed in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles despite transfer of morphologically optimal embryos presented for evaluation. Diagnosis: Routine genetic, endocrine, metabolic, thrombophilia, and anatomical investigations were unremarkable. Immunological testing revealed elevated antiphospholipid and anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti- TPO) antibodies, increased NK cell activity, an imbalanced Th1/ Th2 cytokine ratio, and raised tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), suggesting immune-mediated reproductive dysfunction. Interventions: The patient underwent IVF with transfer of a single euploid blastocyst following intravenous lipid emulsion therapy (20%, 100 mL), administered before transfer, on transfer day, and biweekly until 12 weeks. Associated therapies included aspirin, enoxaparin, progesterone, levothyroxine, and supplementation. Outcomes: Serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and ultrasound confirmed pregnancy with subsequent NK cell normalization. The pregnancy was uncomplicated, resulting in spontaneous vaginal delivery of a healthy male infant. Lessons: Lipid emulsion therapy may improve implantation and pregnancy outcomes in immune-mediated recurrent pregnancy loss and recurrent implantation failure, but larger trials are required to validate efficacy and optimize protocols.
Rationale: Recurrent pregnancy loss and recurrent implantation failure are frequently linked to immune dysregulation, particularly heightened natural killer (NK) cell activity, cytokine imbalance, and autoantibody presence. Lipid emulsion therapy, originally designed for parenteral nutrition, is increasingly recognized for its immunomodulatory potential in reproductive medicine. Patient concerns: A 34-year-old woman with five years of infertility, four first-trimester miscarriages, and three failed in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles despite transfer of morphologically optimal embryos presented for evaluation. Diagnosis: Routine genetic, endocrine, metabolic, thrombophilia, and anatomical investigations were unremarkable. Immunological testing revealed elevated antiphospholipid and anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti- TPO) antibodies, increased NK cell activity, an imbalanced Th1/ Th2 cytokine ratio, and raised tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), suggesting immune-mediated reproductive dysfunction. Interventions: The patient underwent IVF with transfer of a single euploid blastocyst following intravenous lipid emulsion therapy (20%, 100 mL), administered before transfer, on transfer day, and biweekly until 12 weeks. Associated therapies included aspirin, enoxaparin, progesterone, levothyroxine, and supplementation. Outcomes: Serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and ultrasound confirmed pregnancy with subsequent NK cell normalization. The pregnancy was uncomplicated, resulting in spontaneous vaginal delivery of a healthy male infant. Lessons: Lipid emulsion therapy may improve implantation and pregnancy outcomes in immune-mediated recurrent pregnancy loss and recurrent implantation failure, but larger trials are required to validate efficacy and optimize protocols.
2025,14(6):285-286, DOI: 10.4103/apjr.apjr_232_25
Abstract:
Trophectoderm (TE) biopsy has become the preferred approach in preimplantation genetic testing, providing clear advantages over polar body and cleavage-stage biopsy. However, the optimal timing and methodology for blastocyst biopsy remain subjects of ongoing debate.From a theoretical standpoint, Capalbo et al’s 2014 strategy provides the advantages of being more feasible for routine laboratory practice and reducing the need for repeated blastocyst handling. However, it is technically demanding and carries a higher risk of disturbing the ICM when performing biopsy on collapsed blastocysts. In contrast, Capalbo et al’s 2016 strategy is easier to implement, but its effectiveness has not been validated through prospective studies. For this reason, carefully designed, randomized, multicenter trials are urgently needed to directly compare these two strategies with respect to clinical outcomes. Robust clinical evidence is essential for the IVF community to establish a standardized, evidence-based practice that maximizes the safety of blastocysts and optimizes treatment outcomes.
Trophectoderm (TE) biopsy has become the preferred approach in preimplantation genetic testing, providing clear advantages over polar body and cleavage-stage biopsy. However, the optimal timing and methodology for blastocyst biopsy remain subjects of ongoing debate.From a theoretical standpoint, Capalbo et al’s 2014 strategy provides the advantages of being more feasible for routine laboratory practice and reducing the need for repeated blastocyst handling. However, it is technically demanding and carries a higher risk of disturbing the ICM when performing biopsy on collapsed blastocysts. In contrast, Capalbo et al’s 2016 strategy is easier to implement, but its effectiveness has not been validated through prospective studies. For this reason, carefully designed, randomized, multicenter trials are urgently needed to directly compare these two strategies with respect to clinical outcomes. Robust clinical evidence is essential for the IVF community to establish a standardized, evidence-based practice that maximizes the safety of blastocysts and optimizes treatment outcomes.
2025,14(6):287-288, DOI: 10.4103/apjr.apjr_163_25
Abstract:
To the Editor: The recent study by Rochdi et al comparing the effects of two coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) doses (100 mg/day vs. 200 mg/day) on male fertility parameters represents a significant advancement in evidence-based treatment of idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia. The findings demonstrate a clear dose-response relationship with profound clinical implications that deserve focused attention. This study establishes 200 mg/day CoQ10 as the evidence-based standard for treating idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia, with the pregnancy rate differential providing the most clinically relevant outcome measure for patient counseling and treatment selection.
To the Editor: The recent study by Rochdi et al comparing the effects of two coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) doses (100 mg/day vs. 200 mg/day) on male fertility parameters represents a significant advancement in evidence-based treatment of idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia. The findings demonstrate a clear dose-response relationship with profound clinical implications that deserve focused attention. This study establishes 200 mg/day CoQ10 as the evidence-based standard for treating idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia, with the pregnancy rate differential providing the most clinically relevant outcome measure for patient counseling and treatment selection.
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2019(2):63-69, DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.254647
Abstract:
Objective: To investigate ameliorative effects of Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) and VAC containing pharmaceutical supplement (VPS) against polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: PCOS in the rats was induced by daily administration of letrozole at 1 mg/kg body weight concentration for 21 d. PCOS rats were then treated daily either with metformin, VAC plant extract or VPS at 70, 8 or 8 mg/kg body weight concentration for 15 d. Rats that received none of these treatments were considered as control. Blood and ovaries were collected from all the rats. Serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol were measured spectrophotometrically. Serum insulin, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulation hormone, catalase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehide and reduced glutathione were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Rats treated with letrozole demonstrated a significant increase in serum testosterone, estrogen, cholesterol, luteinizing hormone, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and malondialdehide levels, and a significant decline in progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, catalase and reduced glutathione levels compared to control. Contrarily, no significant change in superoxide dismutase was noted in response to letrozole treatment. Rats treated with metformin, VAC or VPS showed a remarkable reversal in the levels of parameters affected by letrozole treatment. Conclusions: Data indicate that VAC and VPS exert potential ameliorative effects against PCOS through the modulation of hormonal and lipid profile as well as oxidative stress. Moreover, the favorable effects of these compounds are comparable to that of metformin.
Objective: To investigate ameliorative effects of Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) and VAC containing pharmaceutical supplement (VPS) against polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: PCOS in the rats was induced by daily administration of letrozole at 1 mg/kg body weight concentration for 21 d. PCOS rats were then treated daily either with metformin, VAC plant extract or VPS at 70, 8 or 8 mg/kg body weight concentration for 15 d. Rats that received none of these treatments were considered as control. Blood and ovaries were collected from all the rats. Serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol were measured spectrophotometrically. Serum insulin, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulation hormone, catalase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehide and reduced glutathione were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Rats treated with letrozole demonstrated a significant increase in serum testosterone, estrogen, cholesterol, luteinizing hormone, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and malondialdehide levels, and a significant decline in progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, catalase and reduced glutathione levels compared to control. Contrarily, no significant change in superoxide dismutase was noted in response to letrozole treatment. Rats treated with metformin, VAC or VPS showed a remarkable reversal in the levels of parameters affected by letrozole treatment. Conclusions: Data indicate that VAC and VPS exert potential ameliorative effects against PCOS through the modulation of hormonal and lipid profile as well as oxidative stress. Moreover, the favorable effects of these compounds are comparable to that of metformin.
2017(2):58-67, DOI: 10.12980/apjr.6.20170203
Abstract:
The present review article has described the prevalence of various pathological conditions of reproductive system of female buffaloes starting from ovary to vulva and vagina. Various pathological conditions were analyzed and tabulated as the total number of animal examined, number of the animals showed pathological lesions, percentage of animal showed various pathological lesions and percentage of individual pathological lesion in different parts of reproductive system of female buffaloes. The incidence of disorders of female genital organs of buffaloes has been reported by various authors at various percentages in different countries. The incidence of pathological conditions was recorded in clinically infertile cows after slaughtering or from apparently healthy buffaloes slaughtered for human consumption and/or based on postmortem examination. This review is comprehensively covering pathological conditions of female buffalo hitherto which was not previously described at one place. This review will provide a comprehensive knowledge about the prevalence of different pathological condition of different parts of reproductive tract of female buffaloes. The review has six numbers of tables described about the various pathological conditions from ovary to vulva and vagina in female buffaloes. The present review article will be very useful to the buffalo farmers, buffalo breeders and researchers are working in buffalo reproduction & breeding and pathology.
The present review article has described the prevalence of various pathological conditions of reproductive system of female buffaloes starting from ovary to vulva and vagina. Various pathological conditions were analyzed and tabulated as the total number of animal examined, number of the animals showed pathological lesions, percentage of animal showed various pathological lesions and percentage of individual pathological lesion in different parts of reproductive system of female buffaloes. The incidence of disorders of female genital organs of buffaloes has been reported by various authors at various percentages in different countries. The incidence of pathological conditions was recorded in clinically infertile cows after slaughtering or from apparently healthy buffaloes slaughtered for human consumption and/or based on postmortem examination. This review is comprehensively covering pathological conditions of female buffalo hitherto which was not previously described at one place. This review will provide a comprehensive knowledge about the prevalence of different pathological condition of different parts of reproductive tract of female buffaloes. The review has six numbers of tables described about the various pathological conditions from ovary to vulva and vagina in female buffaloes. The present review article will be very useful to the buffalo farmers, buffalo breeders and researchers are working in buffalo reproduction & breeding and pathology.
2019(2):56-62, DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.254646
Abstract:
Objective: To study the effects of co-administration of Gynura procumbens (GP) and kelulut honey (KH) on male fertility and libido in diabetes-induced rats. Methods: A total 42 males Sprague Dawley rats aged 8 weeks were randomly and equally divided into six different groups. All groups except a normal control group were induced with 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) intravenously to induce diabetes. A positive control group was treated with an antidiabetic drug, metformin (500 mg/kg) whereas a negative control group remained untreated throughout the experiment. Meanwhile, another three treatments on diabetic rat groups were performed and categorised as Group 1 (450 mg/kg GP + 300 mg/kg KH), Group 2 (450 mg/kg GP + 600 mg/kg KH) and Group 3 (450 mg/kg GP + 1 200 mg/kg KH). Treatments were given for seven consecutive days through oral gavage and all rats were euthanized on day 8th for fasting blood glucose analysis, sperm quality, spermatogenesis, sexual behaviour and implantation sites analysis. Results: Fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced after treatment of GP and KH, compared to negative and positive controls. The treated groups showed significant increment in sperm quality compared to all control groups. Testes histology illustrated significant damages on leydig and sertoli cells for both negative and positive controls. On the contrary, co-administration of GP and KH displayed regeneration of leydig and sertoli cells in the testes. Additionally, the number of implantation sites significantly increased in females copulated with treated groups, compared to controls. Besides, the libido analysis displayed improvement of libido in treated groups, compared to all controls. Throughout the study, insignificant variances were recorded between the treated groups, indicating that treatment in Group 1 was sufficient to trigger significant improvement on fasting blood glucose level, fertility, and libido in diabetic male rats. Conclusions: Co-administration of GP and KH has great potential to serve as a pro-fertility agent amongst diabetic patients.
Objective: To study the effects of co-administration of Gynura procumbens (GP) and kelulut honey (KH) on male fertility and libido in diabetes-induced rats. Methods: A total 42 males Sprague Dawley rats aged 8 weeks were randomly and equally divided into six different groups. All groups except a normal control group were induced with 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) intravenously to induce diabetes. A positive control group was treated with an antidiabetic drug, metformin (500 mg/kg) whereas a negative control group remained untreated throughout the experiment. Meanwhile, another three treatments on diabetic rat groups were performed and categorised as Group 1 (450 mg/kg GP + 300 mg/kg KH), Group 2 (450 mg/kg GP + 600 mg/kg KH) and Group 3 (450 mg/kg GP + 1 200 mg/kg KH). Treatments were given for seven consecutive days through oral gavage and all rats were euthanized on day 8th for fasting blood glucose analysis, sperm quality, spermatogenesis, sexual behaviour and implantation sites analysis. Results: Fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced after treatment of GP and KH, compared to negative and positive controls. The treated groups showed significant increment in sperm quality compared to all control groups. Testes histology illustrated significant damages on leydig and sertoli cells for both negative and positive controls. On the contrary, co-administration of GP and KH displayed regeneration of leydig and sertoli cells in the testes. Additionally, the number of implantation sites significantly increased in females copulated with treated groups, compared to controls. Besides, the libido analysis displayed improvement of libido in treated groups, compared to all controls. Throughout the study, insignificant variances were recorded between the treated groups, indicating that treatment in Group 1 was sufficient to trigger significant improvement on fasting blood glucose level, fertility, and libido in diabetic male rats. Conclusions: Co-administration of GP and KH has great potential to serve as a pro-fertility agent amongst diabetic patients.
2019(2):70-74, DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.254648
Abstract:
Objective: To evaluate effect of Phaseolus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) on the breastfeeding in female rats. Methods: This experimental study was done from May 2018 to December 2018 in the Anatomical Department of Medical School in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in Iran. In this study, after one-week adaptation and fertilization by male, 40 female rats within 20 days of pregnancy (on average, every mother had 10 newborns) were equally separated into four groups (animals were administrated after delivery of offspring). Group 1 was control group receiving normal saline interaperitoneally, and groups 2, 3, 4 were treatment groups receiving the dose of 20, 50, 100 mg/kg of P. vulgaris interaperitoneally respectively once a day for 60 days. The prolactin hormone was measured by radio immune assay, number and diameter of alveoli via histological and morphometrical examinations, and receptor prolactin gene expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Results: P. vulgaris significantly improved alveoli’s number and diameter, prolactin hormone and receptor prolactin expression when compared to the control group (P<0.001). Conclusions: P. vulgaris is helpful to improve the breastfeeding parameters of rats’ mammary glands.
Objective: To evaluate effect of Phaseolus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) on the breastfeeding in female rats. Methods: This experimental study was done from May 2018 to December 2018 in the Anatomical Department of Medical School in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in Iran. In this study, after one-week adaptation and fertilization by male, 40 female rats within 20 days of pregnancy (on average, every mother had 10 newborns) were equally separated into four groups (animals were administrated after delivery of offspring). Group 1 was control group receiving normal saline interaperitoneally, and groups 2, 3, 4 were treatment groups receiving the dose of 20, 50, 100 mg/kg of P. vulgaris interaperitoneally respectively once a day for 60 days. The prolactin hormone was measured by radio immune assay, number and diameter of alveoli via histological and morphometrical examinations, and receptor prolactin gene expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Results: P. vulgaris significantly improved alveoli’s number and diameter, prolactin hormone and receptor prolactin expression when compared to the control group (P<0.001). Conclusions: P. vulgaris is helpful to improve the breastfeeding parameters of rats’ mammary glands.
2019(2):83-87, DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.254650
Abstract:
Objective: To compare the levels of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), soluble endoglin and endothelin-1 in the serum of patients with severe preeclampsia, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome and normal pregnancies. Methods: This study was an observational analytic cross-sectional study performed at Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia, in the period of 5th February 2016 to 20th January 2017. P38 MAPK, soluble endoglin and endothelin-1 levels of patients with normal pregnancies, severe preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome were measured by enzymelinked immunoabsorbentassay technique, using kits of human soluble endoglin, endothelin-1 and p38 MAPK, Quantikine immunoassay: R&D System Inc. Results: Level of serum p38 MAPK in HELLP syndrome group was higher than in severe preeclampsia and normal pregnancy groups. Soluble endoglin and endothelin-1 levels in pregnancies with severe preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome were higher than normal pregnancy but there was no significant difference between these two groups (P>0.05). Levels of p38 MAPK, soluble endoglin and endothelin-1 also had a positive linear correlation with systolic and diastolic blood pressures (P<0.05). Conclusions: P38 MAPK in serum may be a marker for evidence of the severe hypoxia and its application may be considered for the diagnosis of HELLP syndrome.
Objective: To compare the levels of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), soluble endoglin and endothelin-1 in the serum of patients with severe preeclampsia, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome and normal pregnancies. Methods: This study was an observational analytic cross-sectional study performed at Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia, in the period of 5th February 2016 to 20th January 2017. P38 MAPK, soluble endoglin and endothelin-1 levels of patients with normal pregnancies, severe preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome were measured by enzymelinked immunoabsorbentassay technique, using kits of human soluble endoglin, endothelin-1 and p38 MAPK, Quantikine immunoassay: R&D System Inc. Results: Level of serum p38 MAPK in HELLP syndrome group was higher than in severe preeclampsia and normal pregnancy groups. Soluble endoglin and endothelin-1 levels in pregnancies with severe preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome were higher than normal pregnancy but there was no significant difference between these two groups (P>0.05). Levels of p38 MAPK, soluble endoglin and endothelin-1 also had a positive linear correlation with systolic and diastolic blood pressures (P<0.05). Conclusions: P38 MAPK in serum may be a marker for evidence of the severe hypoxia and its application may be considered for the diagnosis of HELLP syndrome.
2019(2):75-82, DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.254649
Abstract:
Objective: To investigate the effect of different fractions from the aqueous methanolic root bark of Adansonia digitata (Linn) on the estrous cycle of female Wistar rats and to elucidate their phytochemical content. Methods: Crude aqueous methanol extract of Adansonia digitata (Linn) root bark was fractionated by column chromatography using various ratios of hexane, acetyl acetate, methanol and distilled water. Fractions with similar trails on a thin layer chromatography were pooled into four fractions. Each fraction was then screened for its phytochemical content. Forty mature Wistar female rats weighing (135±28) g with regular estrous cycles were given each fraction at two dose levels while a control group received distilled water of equal volume. Treatments were given per os for 15 days starting from the day of estrus. Vaginal smears were observed daily for the duration of each cycle, frequency of occurrence of each stage of the estrous cycle and number of cycles for 15 days before and during treatment. At the end of treatment, rats were humanely sacrificed. Ovaries and uteri were weighed and processed for histopathology. Results: Hexane acetyl acetate and acetyl acetate methanol fractions at 150 mg/kg body weight and 300 mg/kg body weight prolonged the occurrence of proestrus and diestrus and produced atretic cyst-like ovaries at 300 mg/kg body weight. Acetyl acetate methanol treated rats also had low relative ovarian weights when compared to the control. Conclusions: Sterols and triterpenes in hexane acetyl acetate and acetyl acetate methanol fractions of the root bark may be responsible for the disruption of estrous cycle in female Wistar rats and may have a contraceptive effect.
Objective: To investigate the effect of different fractions from the aqueous methanolic root bark of Adansonia digitata (Linn) on the estrous cycle of female Wistar rats and to elucidate their phytochemical content. Methods: Crude aqueous methanol extract of Adansonia digitata (Linn) root bark was fractionated by column chromatography using various ratios of hexane, acetyl acetate, methanol and distilled water. Fractions with similar trails on a thin layer chromatography were pooled into four fractions. Each fraction was then screened for its phytochemical content. Forty mature Wistar female rats weighing (135±28) g with regular estrous cycles were given each fraction at two dose levels while a control group received distilled water of equal volume. Treatments were given per os for 15 days starting from the day of estrus. Vaginal smears were observed daily for the duration of each cycle, frequency of occurrence of each stage of the estrous cycle and number of cycles for 15 days before and during treatment. At the end of treatment, rats were humanely sacrificed. Ovaries and uteri were weighed and processed for histopathology. Results: Hexane acetyl acetate and acetyl acetate methanol fractions at 150 mg/kg body weight and 300 mg/kg body weight prolonged the occurrence of proestrus and diestrus and produced atretic cyst-like ovaries at 300 mg/kg body weight. Acetyl acetate methanol treated rats also had low relative ovarian weights when compared to the control. Conclusions: Sterols and triterpenes in hexane acetyl acetate and acetyl acetate methanol fractions of the root bark may be responsible for the disruption of estrous cycle in female Wistar rats and may have a contraceptive effect.
2019(2):45-55, DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.254645
Abstract:
Pyometra is one of the most important and common disorders in canine. The disease results in life threatening condition associated with septicemia and toxemia. The condition commonly occurs during luteal phase of estrous cycle, generally 4 weeks to 4 months of estrous cycle. The age, parity, breeds, administration of hormones are some predisposing factors of the condition. However, interaction between potentially pathogenic bacteria and hormonally primed uterus is believed to result in pyometra. The disease is initiated in the form of cystic endometrial hyperplasia, which later progresses into purulent uterine content fo llowing bacterial infection resulting in pyometra. The disturbance in antioxidant and prooxidant balance succeeding bacterial infection results in oxidative stress. The resultant stress further induces endometrial degeneration, immunosuppression and additionally aggravates the condition. An important clinical sign is malodorous, sanguineous or mucopurulent vaginal discharge with general symptoms such as vomiting, polyuria, polydipsia, depression, anorexia and occasionally fever. Till date, ultrasonography is the best diagnostic method while radiology and serological test are also helpful. Recently, the estimation of inflammatory mediators (acute phase proteins and prostaglandin metabolites) has appeared as marker for diagnosis of the pyometra. Determination of levels of inflammatory mediators has emerged as an important diagnostic method because it can be helpful in prognosis of the condition. The pyometra can be best treated by surgical manipulation (ovariohysterectomy);however, hormonal treatment can be given in less severe cases which aimed at reducing the effect of progesterone on the reproductive tract. Together, provision of antioxidants could be helpful in disease recovery along with the determined treatment. In this review, incidence,predisposing factors, etio-pathogenesis, oxidative stress associated with condition, diagnostic methods and treatment are discussed.
Pyometra is one of the most important and common disorders in canine. The disease results in life threatening condition associated with septicemia and toxemia. The condition commonly occurs during luteal phase of estrous cycle, generally 4 weeks to 4 months of estrous cycle. The age, parity, breeds, administration of hormones are some predisposing factors of the condition. However, interaction between potentially pathogenic bacteria and hormonally primed uterus is believed to result in pyometra. The disease is initiated in the form of cystic endometrial hyperplasia, which later progresses into purulent uterine content fo llowing bacterial infection resulting in pyometra. The disturbance in antioxidant and prooxidant balance succeeding bacterial infection results in oxidative stress. The resultant stress further induces endometrial degeneration, immunosuppression and additionally aggravates the condition. An important clinical sign is malodorous, sanguineous or mucopurulent vaginal discharge with general symptoms such as vomiting, polyuria, polydipsia, depression, anorexia and occasionally fever. Till date, ultrasonography is the best diagnostic method while radiology and serological test are also helpful. Recently, the estimation of inflammatory mediators (acute phase proteins and prostaglandin metabolites) has appeared as marker for diagnosis of the pyometra. Determination of levels of inflammatory mediators has emerged as an important diagnostic method because it can be helpful in prognosis of the condition. The pyometra can be best treated by surgical manipulation (ovariohysterectomy);however, hormonal treatment can be given in less severe cases which aimed at reducing the effect of progesterone on the reproductive tract. Together, provision of antioxidants could be helpful in disease recovery along with the determined treatment. In this review, incidence,predisposing factors, etio-pathogenesis, oxidative stress associated with condition, diagnostic methods and treatment are discussed.
2019(2):45-55, DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.254645
Abstract:
Pyometra is one of the most important and common disorders in canine. The disease results in life threatening condition associated with septicemia and toxemia. The condition commonly occurs during luteal phase of estrous cycle, generally 4 weeks to 4 months of estrous cycle. The age, parity, breeds, administration of hormones are some predisposing factors of the condition. However, interaction between potentially pathogenic bacteria and hormonally primed uterus is believed to result in pyometra. The disease is initiated in the form of cystic endometrial hyperplasia, which later progresses into purulent uterine content following bacterial infection resulting in pyometra. The disturbance in antioxidant and pro-oxidant balance succeeding bacterial infection results in oxidative stress. The resultant stress further induces endometrial degeneration, immunosuppression and additionally aggravates the condition. An important clinical sign is malodorous, sanguineous or mucopurulent vaginal discharge with general symptoms such as vomiting, polyuria, polydipsia, depression, anorexia and occasionally fever. Till date, ultrasonography is the best diagnostic method while radiology and serological test are also helpful. Recently, the estimation of inflammatory mediators (acute phase proteins and prostaglandin metabolites) has appeared as marker for diagnosis of the pyometra. Determination of levels of inflammatory mediators has emerged as an important diagnostic method because it can be helpful in prognosis of the condition. The pyometra can be best treated by surgical manipulation (ovariohysterectomy); however, hormonal treatment can be given in less severe cases which aimed at reducing the effect of progesterone on the reproductive tract. Together, provision of antioxidants could be helpful in disease recovery along with the determined treatment. In this review, incidence, predisposing factors, etio-pathogenesis, oxidative stress associated with condition, diagnostic methods and treatment are discussed.
Pyometra is one of the most important and common disorders in canine. The disease results in life threatening condition associated with septicemia and toxemia. The condition commonly occurs during luteal phase of estrous cycle, generally 4 weeks to 4 months of estrous cycle. The age, parity, breeds, administration of hormones are some predisposing factors of the condition. However, interaction between potentially pathogenic bacteria and hormonally primed uterus is believed to result in pyometra. The disease is initiated in the form of cystic endometrial hyperplasia, which later progresses into purulent uterine content following bacterial infection resulting in pyometra. The disturbance in antioxidant and pro-oxidant balance succeeding bacterial infection results in oxidative stress. The resultant stress further induces endometrial degeneration, immunosuppression and additionally aggravates the condition. An important clinical sign is malodorous, sanguineous or mucopurulent vaginal discharge with general symptoms such as vomiting, polyuria, polydipsia, depression, anorexia and occasionally fever. Till date, ultrasonography is the best diagnostic method while radiology and serological test are also helpful. Recently, the estimation of inflammatory mediators (acute phase proteins and prostaglandin metabolites) has appeared as marker for diagnosis of the pyometra. Determination of levels of inflammatory mediators has emerged as an important diagnostic method because it can be helpful in prognosis of the condition. The pyometra can be best treated by surgical manipulation (ovariohysterectomy); however, hormonal treatment can be given in less severe cases which aimed at reducing the effect of progesterone on the reproductive tract. Together, provision of antioxidants could be helpful in disease recovery along with the determined treatment. In this review, incidence, predisposing factors, etio-pathogenesis, oxidative stress associated with condition, diagnostic methods and treatment are discussed.
Reza Masoudi, Ahmad Zare Shahneh, Armin Towhidi, Hamid Kohram, Abbas Akbarisharif, Mohsen Sharafi, Mahdi Zhandi, MAMM Shahab-El-Deen
2017(2):93-96, DOI: 10.12980/apjr.6.20170209
Abstract:
Objective: To determine the effect of different cervical dilators on cervical dilation and reproductive performance of fat-tailed ewes. Methods: In experiment 1 140 ewes were divided into seven groups with seven different treatments as following: 10 mL normal saline (control group), 100 IU oxytocin (OT group), 100 μg estradiol and 100 IU oxytocin (E2+OT group), 5 mL relaxin (R group), 2 mL sensiblex (SEN group), 200 μg misoprostol (MIS group) or 200 μg dinoprostone (DIN group). In experiment 2, artificial insemination was applied for evaluation of reproductive performance in experimental groups. Results: In experiment 1, the highest cervical dilation was observed in OT (90%) and E2+OT (100%) groups (P<0.05), while no significant differences was found among DIN, MIS, SEN and R groups (80%, 75%, 70% and 65%, respectively). In addition, the lowest cervical dilation was observed in control group. Experiment 2 found no significant differences among control, OT and E2+OT groups. The highest pregnancy rate, parturition rate and lambing rate were observed in OT groups (60%, 60% and 70%, respectively) and E2+OT groups (65%, 60% and 70%, respectively) compared to SEN, R, MIS and DIN groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Oxytocin treatment alone or with estradiol could be used as a suitable dilator for improving reproductive efficiency during artificial insemination in fat-tailed ewes.
Objective: To determine the effect of different cervical dilators on cervical dilation and reproductive performance of fat-tailed ewes. Methods: In experiment 1 140 ewes were divided into seven groups with seven different treatments as following: 10 mL normal saline (control group), 100 IU oxytocin (OT group), 100 μg estradiol and 100 IU oxytocin (E2+OT group), 5 mL relaxin (R group), 2 mL sensiblex (SEN group), 200 μg misoprostol (MIS group) or 200 μg dinoprostone (DIN group). In experiment 2, artificial insemination was applied for evaluation of reproductive performance in experimental groups. Results: In experiment 1, the highest cervical dilation was observed in OT (90%) and E2+OT (100%) groups (P<0.05), while no significant differences was found among DIN, MIS, SEN and R groups (80%, 75%, 70% and 65%, respectively). In addition, the lowest cervical dilation was observed in control group. Experiment 2 found no significant differences among control, OT and E2+OT groups. The highest pregnancy rate, parturition rate and lambing rate were observed in OT groups (60%, 60% and 70%, respectively) and E2+OT groups (65%, 60% and 70%, respectively) compared to SEN, R, MIS and DIN groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Oxytocin treatment alone or with estradiol could be used as a suitable dilator for improving reproductive efficiency during artificial insemination in fat-tailed ewes.
2019(2):63-69, DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.254647
Abstract:
Objective: To investigate ameliorative effects of Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) and VAC containing pharmaceutical supplement (VPS) against polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: PCOS in the rats was induced by daily administration of letrozole at 1 mg/kg body weight concentration for 21 d. PCOS rats were then treated daily either with metformin, VAC plant extract or VPS at 70, 8 or 8 mg/kg body weight concentration for 15 d. Rats that received none of these treatments were considered as control. Blood and ovaries were collected from all the rats. Serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol were measured spectrophotometrically. Serum insulin, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulation hormone, catalase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehide and reduced glutathione were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Rats treated with letrozole demonstrated a significant increase in serum testosterone, estrogen, cholesterol, luteinizing hormone, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and malondialdehide levels, and a significant decline in progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, catalase and reduced glutathione levels compared to control. Contrarily, no significant change in superoxide dismutase was noted in response to letrozole treatment. Rats treated with metformin, VAC or VPS showed a remarkable reversal in the levels of parameters affected by letrozole treatment. Conclusions: Data indicate that VAC and VPS exert potential ameliorative effects against PCOS through the modulation of hormonal and lipid profile as well as oxidative stress. Moreover, the favorable effects of these compounds are comparable to that of metformin.
Objective: To investigate ameliorative effects of Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) and VAC containing pharmaceutical supplement (VPS) against polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: PCOS in the rats was induced by daily administration of letrozole at 1 mg/kg body weight concentration for 21 d. PCOS rats were then treated daily either with metformin, VAC plant extract or VPS at 70, 8 or 8 mg/kg body weight concentration for 15 d. Rats that received none of these treatments were considered as control. Blood and ovaries were collected from all the rats. Serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol were measured spectrophotometrically. Serum insulin, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulation hormone, catalase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehide and reduced glutathione were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Rats treated with letrozole demonstrated a significant increase in serum testosterone, estrogen, cholesterol, luteinizing hormone, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and malondialdehide levels, and a significant decline in progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, catalase and reduced glutathione levels compared to control. Contrarily, no significant change in superoxide dismutase was noted in response to letrozole treatment. Rats treated with metformin, VAC or VPS showed a remarkable reversal in the levels of parameters affected by letrozole treatment. Conclusions: Data indicate that VAC and VPS exert potential ameliorative effects against PCOS through the modulation of hormonal and lipid profile as well as oxidative stress. Moreover, the favorable effects of these compounds are comparable to that of metformin.
Khamidulla B. Baimishev, Murat H. Baimishev, Vasily S. Grigoryev, Alexander P. Kokhanov, Inna V. Uskova, Ismagil N. Khakimov
2018(4):167-171, DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.237054
Abstract:
Objective: To study the methods of increasing the reproductive qualities and indices of viability in the offspring of Holstein cows under conditions of intensive milk production. Methods: Studies were conducted on 3 groups of Holstein cows with 30 heads in each group. Animals of the experimental groups had a different length physiological period. The study focused on experimental groups of animals: the reproductive indicators, the viability of newborn calves, and their growth rate. All the digital materials of the experimental data were processed by the method of variation statistics for the significance of the difference of the compared parameters using the Student’s criterion, adopted in biology and zootechnics. Results: Studies found that reduction of the duration of the service period, along with a simultaneous increase in the inter-lactation period to 80–90 days, increased the reproductive capacity of the cows, and enhances the viability of the offspring compared with their peers. Conclusions: The study revealed the optimal duration of the physiological periods in highproducing cows under conditions of intensive milk production technology.
Objective: To study the methods of increasing the reproductive qualities and indices of viability in the offspring of Holstein cows under conditions of intensive milk production. Methods: Studies were conducted on 3 groups of Holstein cows with 30 heads in each group. Animals of the experimental groups had a different length physiological period. The study focused on experimental groups of animals: the reproductive indicators, the viability of newborn calves, and their growth rate. All the digital materials of the experimental data were processed by the method of variation statistics for the significance of the difference of the compared parameters using the Student’s criterion, adopted in biology and zootechnics. Results: Studies found that reduction of the duration of the service period, along with a simultaneous increase in the inter-lactation period to 80–90 days, increased the reproductive capacity of the cows, and enhances the viability of the offspring compared with their peers. Conclusions: The study revealed the optimal duration of the physiological periods in highproducing cows under conditions of intensive milk production technology.
Diego Rossetti, Silvia Di Angelo Antonio, David Lukanovi.3，Tina Kunic, Camilla Certelli, Carmine Vascone, Zaki Sleiman
2019(3):93-101, DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.259166
Abstract:
Among resources of mesenchymal stem cells, human umbilical cord appears to be a rising source capable of differentiating into all germ layers, reaching and repairing lesion areas, and promoting wound repair, and it has also the capacity to influence the immune response. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells are considered to be an optimal resource compared with other mesenchymal stem cells sources because they require a noninvasive recovery. All these characteristics allow their use in heterogeneous applications. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells can regenerate tissues, stimulate angiogenesis, modulate inflammatory pathway signals and recruit endogenous stem cell. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells suppress mitogen-induced signals and modulate the activation and proliferation of several immune cells, modifying lymphocyte phenotypes activity. In culture, human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cellss show the capacity to create several tissues such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated from the different compartments of umbilical cord and processed by using different techniques. Clinical applications of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells include graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune diseases such as Sj.gren's syndrome and diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2, gynecological disorders like endometriosis. Recent studies have shown possible application on rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and neuronal degenerative diseases. This review is focused on the resources, molecular profiles, propriety, in vitro characterizations, clinical applications and possible future usage of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells.
Among resources of mesenchymal stem cells, human umbilical cord appears to be a rising source capable of differentiating into all germ layers, reaching and repairing lesion areas, and promoting wound repair, and it has also the capacity to influence the immune response. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells are considered to be an optimal resource compared with other mesenchymal stem cells sources because they require a noninvasive recovery. All these characteristics allow their use in heterogeneous applications. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells can regenerate tissues, stimulate angiogenesis, modulate inflammatory pathway signals and recruit endogenous stem cell. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells suppress mitogen-induced signals and modulate the activation and proliferation of several immune cells, modifying lymphocyte phenotypes activity. In culture, human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cellss show the capacity to create several tissues such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated from the different compartments of umbilical cord and processed by using different techniques. Clinical applications of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells include graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune diseases such as Sj.gren's syndrome and diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2, gynecological disorders like endometriosis. Recent studies have shown possible application on rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and neuronal degenerative diseases. This review is focused on the resources, molecular profiles, propriety, in vitro characterizations, clinical applications and possible future usage of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells.
Nathira Abdul Majeed, Charley Zheng, Alex Polyakov, Megan Pucci, Mohamed Hatta Tarmizi, Mie Mie Cho Win
2019(2):88-92, DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.254651
Abstract:
Objective: To assess the secondary sex ratio (SSR) of assisted reproduction technology babieswithin a fertility clinic in Melbourne, Australia.Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 3 369 babies who were born following single embryo transfer between 2011 and 2016. Variables examined included embryo creation date, maternal and paternal ages, maternal body mass index (BMI), type of infertility,sperm parameters, fertilization method, type of embryo and stage of transfer. Multivariate regression analysis was performed on the data set using STRATA V9.2. Results: More males were found to be born to embryos created in summer (adjusted odds ratio=1.46, 95% confidence interval: 1.08-1.95; P=0.01). Lower BMI of mother (30 kg/m2)and younger age of parents (35 years) were associated with an increase in SSR (50.1% vs.47.1%; 50.6% vs. 48.8%; 50.0% vs. 48.9%) respectively. Decreased SSR value was associated with primary subfertility, using in-vitro fertilization procedure and fresh embryo compared to those with secondary subfertility, using intracytoplasmic sperm injection procedure and thawed embryo (49.3% vs. 50.6%; 47.1% vs. 50.8%; 49.4% vs. 50.1%) respectively.Conclusions: The fertilization methods, type of embryo, stage of embryo transfer, parameters of the sperm and status of subfertility do not significantly affect the SSR. SSR is affected by the seasonality, maternal age, and BMI.
Objective: To assess the secondary sex ratio (SSR) of assisted reproduction technology babieswithin a fertility clinic in Melbourne, Australia.Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 3 369 babies who were born following single embryo transfer between 2011 and 2016. Variables examined included embryo creation date, maternal and paternal ages, maternal body mass index (BMI), type of infertility,sperm parameters, fertilization method, type of embryo and stage of transfer. Multivariate regression analysis was performed on the data set using STRATA V9.2. Results: More males were found to be born to embryos created in summer (adjusted odds ratio=1.46, 95% confidence interval: 1.08-1.95; P=0.01). Lower BMI of mother (30 kg/m2)and younger age of parents (35 years) were associated with an increase in SSR (50.1% vs.47.1%; 50.6% vs. 48.8%; 50.0% vs. 48.9%) respectively. Decreased SSR value was associated with primary subfertility, using in-vitro fertilization procedure and fresh embryo compared to those with secondary subfertility, using intracytoplasmic sperm injection procedure and thawed embryo (49.3% vs. 50.6%; 47.1% vs. 50.8%; 49.4% vs. 50.1%) respectively.Conclusions: The fertilization methods, type of embryo, stage of embryo transfer, parameters of the sperm and status of subfertility do not significantly affect the SSR. SSR is affected by the seasonality, maternal age, and BMI.
Mark Anthony C. Mamon, Julie Andrea P. A?ano, Louise C. Abanador, Genesis Julyus T. Agcaoili, Caira B. Sagum, Ria Lorraine H. Pagliawan, Jean Mherck B. Tapere, Jessie Bob M. Agravante, John Harold G. Arevalo, Abdul Jabbar A. Minalang
2016(3):240-246, DOI: 10.1016/j.apjr.2016.03.002
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the effects of the water quality of Manila Bay on allometric parameters and histological biomarkers of selected organs of P. viridis. Methods Green mussels were collected from two coastal sites of Manila Bay, Las Piñas – Parañaque (LPP) and Bacoor, Cavite (BC). Twenty-four green mussels from each site were used for the assessment of allometric parameters, and six green mussels from LPP and eight from BC were used for the assessment of histological structures of gonads, gut, and digestive glands. Gonad development was categorized into five stages, whereas gut and digestive glands were scored into four categories. Results Allometric parameters that include shell height, weight, and total wet and dry soft tissue weight were significantly different between LPP and BC. It was also observed that exposure to the pollutants in Manila Bay resulted to delays in gonadal development, and detrimental changes and lesions in the histostructure of digestive gland and gut. Conclusions Pollutants in Manila Bay have detrimental effects to the growth, reproductive development, and histological structure of digestive organs of P. viridis.
ObjectiveTo determine the effects of the water quality of Manila Bay on allometric parameters and histological biomarkers of selected organs of P. viridis. Methods Green mussels were collected from two coastal sites of Manila Bay, Las Piñas – Parañaque (LPP) and Bacoor, Cavite (BC). Twenty-four green mussels from each site were used for the assessment of allometric parameters, and six green mussels from LPP and eight from BC were used for the assessment of histological structures of gonads, gut, and digestive glands. Gonad development was categorized into five stages, whereas gut and digestive glands were scored into four categories. Results Allometric parameters that include shell height, weight, and total wet and dry soft tissue weight were significantly different between LPP and BC. It was also observed that exposure to the pollutants in Manila Bay resulted to delays in gonadal development, and detrimental changes and lesions in the histostructure of digestive gland and gut. Conclusions Pollutants in Manila Bay have detrimental effects to the growth, reproductive development, and histological structure of digestive organs of P. viridis.
Nathira Abdul Majeed, Charley Zheng, Alex Polyakov, Megan Pucci, Mohamed Hatta Tarmizi, Mie Mie Cho Win
2019(2):88-92, DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.254651
Abstract:
Objective: To assess the secondary sex ratio (SSR) of assisted reproduction technology babies within a fertility clinic in Melbourne, Australia. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 3 369 babies who were born following single embryo transfer between 2011 and 2016. Variables examined included embryo creation date, maternal and paternal ages, maternal body mass index (BMI), type of infertility, sperm parameters, fertilization method, type of embryo and stage of transfer. Multivariate regression analysis was performed on the data set using STRATA V9.2. Results: More males were found to be born to embryos created in summer (adjusted odds ratio=1.46, 95% confidence interval: 1.08-1.95; P=0.01). Lower BMI of mother (30 kg/m2) and younger age of parents (35 years) were associated with an increase in SSR (50.1% vs. 47.1%; 50.6% vs. 48.8%; 50.0% vs. 48.9%) respectively. Decreased SSR value was associated with primary subfertility, using in-vitro fertilization procedure and fresh embryo compared to those with secondary subfertility, using intracytoplasmic sperm injection procedure and thawed embryo (49.3% vs. 50.6%; 47.1% vs. 50.8%; 49.4% vs. 50.1%) respectively. Conclusions: The fertilization methods, type of embryo, stage of embryo transfer, parameters of the sperm and status of subfertility do not significantly affect the SSR. SSR is affected by the seasonality, maternal age, and BMI.
Objective: To assess the secondary sex ratio (SSR) of assisted reproduction technology babies within a fertility clinic in Melbourne, Australia. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 3 369 babies who were born following single embryo transfer between 2011 and 2016. Variables examined included embryo creation date, maternal and paternal ages, maternal body mass index (BMI), type of infertility, sperm parameters, fertilization method, type of embryo and stage of transfer. Multivariate regression analysis was performed on the data set using STRATA V9.2. Results: More males were found to be born to embryos created in summer (adjusted odds ratio=1.46, 95% confidence interval: 1.08-1.95; P=0.01). Lower BMI of mother (30 kg/m2) and younger age of parents (35 years) were associated with an increase in SSR (50.1% vs. 47.1%; 50.6% vs. 48.8%; 50.0% vs. 48.9%) respectively. Decreased SSR value was associated with primary subfertility, using in-vitro fertilization procedure and fresh embryo compared to those with secondary subfertility, using intracytoplasmic sperm injection procedure and thawed embryo (49.3% vs. 50.6%; 47.1% vs. 50.8%; 49.4% vs. 50.1%) respectively. Conclusions: The fertilization methods, type of embryo, stage of embryo transfer, parameters of the sperm and status of subfertility do not significantly affect the SSR. SSR is affected by the seasonality, maternal age, and BMI.
2017(3):97-103, DOI: 10.12980/apjr.6.20170301
Abstract:
This article presents a review pertains the laser irradiation effects and its possible mechanisms of action on spermatozoa functions in domestic animals. To improve artificial insemination, laser is sensitive and cost effective technique, when compared to other conventional methods. Laser may have both positive and negative effects on spermatozoa functions. Since the effects of light are mediated by reactive oxygen species, and the levels of these reactive oxygen species following irradiating spermatozoa with laser may be responsible for determining the effects of laser on sperm. Dose of laser may be regarded as of great significance and this dosage of laser may be responsible for determining its effects on spermatozoa. Optimum dosage of laser for improving seminal attributes may vary among various species and this need to be standardized in each of them. The beneficial effects include improving sperm livability, acrosomal integrity, hypo-osmotic swelling response, mitochondrial function and computer-aided sperm analysis parameters. The increase in cytochrome c oxidase activity, ATP levels and mitochondrial membrane potential, in laser irradiated cells may be responsible for enhanced sperm quality parameters. Improving fertility with laser irradiated spermatozoa has been reported in few species like boar and need to be elaborated in other species. In conclusion laser may be regarded as an easy, cheap and time saving technology for improving artificial insemination; in addition, laser may have various potential applications in the field of reproductive biotechnology as well as in livestock farms and veterinary polyclinics.
This article presents a review pertains the laser irradiation effects and its possible mechanisms of action on spermatozoa functions in domestic animals. To improve artificial insemination, laser is sensitive and cost effective technique, when compared to other conventional methods. Laser may have both positive and negative effects on spermatozoa functions. Since the effects of light are mediated by reactive oxygen species, and the levels of these reactive oxygen species following irradiating spermatozoa with laser may be responsible for determining the effects of laser on sperm. Dose of laser may be regarded as of great significance and this dosage of laser may be responsible for determining its effects on spermatozoa. Optimum dosage of laser for improving seminal attributes may vary among various species and this need to be standardized in each of them. The beneficial effects include improving sperm livability, acrosomal integrity, hypo-osmotic swelling response, mitochondrial function and computer-aided sperm analysis parameters. The increase in cytochrome c oxidase activity, ATP levels and mitochondrial membrane potential, in laser irradiated cells may be responsible for enhanced sperm quality parameters. Improving fertility with laser irradiated spermatozoa has been reported in few species like boar and need to be elaborated in other species. In conclusion laser may be regarded as an easy, cheap and time saving technology for improving artificial insemination; in addition, laser may have various potential applications in the field of reproductive biotechnology as well as in livestock farms and veterinary polyclinics.
2017(3):128-132, DOI: 10.12980/apjr.6.20170306
Abstract:
Objective: To explore the effect of Diospyros kaki on cattle spermatozoa during chilling and cryopreservation. Methods: Five milliliter of blended Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) flesh was added to 45 mL TCF to obtain 10% stock solution. Kaki enriched extender (KEE) was prepared by adding to TCF in concentrations 0.0/5.0 mL (control, 0%), 0.5/4.5 mL (1%), 1/4 mL (2%), 1.5/3.5 mL (3%), 2.0/3.0 mL (4%), 2.5/2.5 mL (5%), 3.0/2.0 mL (6%), 3.5/1.5 mL (7%), 4.0/1.0 mL (8%), 4.5/0.5 mL (9%) and 5.0/0.0 mL (10%) to obtain a final volume 5 mL in each tube. Whole egg yolk was added to each tube to obtain KEE with 20% egg yolk (KEEY), all tubes were centrifuged to get rid of debris. Semen was added to the supernatants in other tubes. Extended semen was subjected to evaluation [motility, alive sperm and intact sperm membrane (HOST) %] in both chilled and cryopreserved semen. Conception rate was carried out. Results: Sperm motility was significantly (P<0.000 1) kept high after 11 d of chilling with the concentration 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% as compared to the control (41.67±1.67, 41.67±1.67, 40.00±0.00, 41.67±1.67 and 41.67±1.67, respectively) and also non-significantly kept high at the other concentrations up to 9 d of chilling. Addition of KEE had significantly(P<0.003 3) improved post thawing sperm motility % with the concentrations 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6% as compared to the control (51.67±5.27, 55.00±3.16, 48.33±1.05, 45.00±3.96, 57.00±2.50,55.00±5.00 and 43.33±5.11 respectively).While the other concentrations exhibit no effect.Addition of KEE maintained alive sperm%, abnormalities% and % of intact spermatozoa membranes (HOST%) as good as the control with all concentrations of kaki used in our study.The conception rate upon using frozen semen in insemination showed higher conception rate in concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6 % KEE in cattle. Conclusion: It could be concluded that some concentrations of Diospyros kaki improved bull semen quality post-chilling and post-freezing.
Objective: To explore the effect of Diospyros kaki on cattle spermatozoa during chilling and cryopreservation. Methods: Five milliliter of blended Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) flesh was added to 45 mL TCF to obtain 10% stock solution. Kaki enriched extender (KEE) was prepared by adding to TCF in concentrations 0.0/5.0 mL (control, 0%), 0.5/4.5 mL (1%), 1/4 mL (2%), 1.5/3.5 mL (3%), 2.0/3.0 mL (4%), 2.5/2.5 mL (5%), 3.0/2.0 mL (6%), 3.5/1.5 mL (7%), 4.0/1.0 mL (8%), 4.5/0.5 mL (9%) and 5.0/0.0 mL (10%) to obtain a final volume 5 mL in each tube. Whole egg yolk was added to each tube to obtain KEE with 20% egg yolk (KEEY), all tubes were centrifuged to get rid of debris. Semen was added to the supernatants in other tubes. Extended semen was subjected to evaluation [motility, alive sperm and intact sperm membrane (HOST) %] in both chilled and cryopreserved semen. Conception rate was carried out. Results: Sperm motility was significantly (P<0.000 1) kept high after 11 d of chilling with the concentration 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% as compared to the control (41.67±1.67, 41.67±1.67, 40.00±0.00, 41.67±1.67 and 41.67±1.67, respectively) and also non-significantly kept high at the other concentrations up to 9 d of chilling. Addition of KEE had significantly(P<0.003 3) improved post thawing sperm motility % with the concentrations 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6% as compared to the control (51.67±5.27, 55.00±3.16, 48.33±1.05, 45.00±3.96, 57.00±2.50,55.00±5.00 and 43.33±5.11 respectively).While the other concentrations exhibit no effect.Addition of KEE maintained alive sperm%, abnormalities% and % of intact spermatozoa membranes (HOST%) as good as the control with all concentrations of kaki used in our study.The conception rate upon using frozen semen in insemination showed higher conception rate in concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6 % KEE in cattle. Conclusion: It could be concluded that some concentrations of Diospyros kaki improved bull semen quality post-chilling and post-freezing.
2019(3):102-111, DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.259167
Abstract:
Objective: To determine the effect of preparation to play a maternal role in mothers fertilized through in vitro fertilization on maternal anxiety. Methods: A total of 60 mothers undergoing in vitro fertilization were assigned into intervention group and control group. Pregnancy concerns and stress questionnaires were research tools. Questionnaires were completed in both groups before organizing preparation program. Then, the preparation program was held for four sessions for the mothers in the intervention group, and the subjects in both groups were immediately investigated again after completion of preparation program and one month later. Data analyses about pregnancy stress and concerns of mothers and its dimensions were performed by repeated measure (analysis of variance), Mann-Whitney, Friedman and Wilcoxon tests. Analysis of demographic variables was performed by using independent t-test and Chi-square test in SPSS 21. Results: The score of pregnancy stress and concerns before the intervention was not significantly different between the two groups. There was a significant difference in the intervention group in the score of pregnancy stress and concerns before and after the intervention (P<0.001), before and one month after the intervention (P<0.001), immediately after and one month after the intervention (P<0.001) which was not significant in the control group. Conclusions: Maternal preparation program can be effective in reducing maternal stress and concerns.
Objective: To determine the effect of preparation to play a maternal role in mothers fertilized through in vitro fertilization on maternal anxiety. Methods: A total of 60 mothers undergoing in vitro fertilization were assigned into intervention group and control group. Pregnancy concerns and stress questionnaires were research tools. Questionnaires were completed in both groups before organizing preparation program. Then, the preparation program was held for four sessions for the mothers in the intervention group, and the subjects in both groups were immediately investigated again after completion of preparation program and one month later. Data analyses about pregnancy stress and concerns of mothers and its dimensions were performed by repeated measure (analysis of variance), Mann-Whitney, Friedman and Wilcoxon tests. Analysis of demographic variables was performed by using independent t-test and Chi-square test in SPSS 21. Results: The score of pregnancy stress and concerns before the intervention was not significantly different between the two groups. There was a significant difference in the intervention group in the score of pregnancy stress and concerns before and after the intervention (P<0.001), before and one month after the intervention (P<0.001), immediately after and one month after the intervention (P<0.001) which was not significant in the control group. Conclusions: Maternal preparation program can be effective in reducing maternal stress and concerns.
2017(2):77-80, DOI: 10.12980/apjr.6.20170205
Abstract:
Objective: To explore the effect of BHT on cattle spermatozoa during cooling and cryopreservation. Methods: Pooled bull semen were diluted by Tris-Citrate-Fructose egg yolk (TCFY) diluent considered as control (0 BHT) and different concentrations of BHT (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 mM were prepared in ethanol in prewarmed (37°C) test tubes. The ethanol was allowed to evaporate so that, a thin crystallized layer of BHT was deposited on the inner surface of the tubes. Then extended semen was added into the tubes and incubated at 37°C for 5 min to allow uptake of BHT by spermatozoa. The tubes were cooled slowly (approximately for 2 h) up to 5 and equilibrated for 4 h. After equilibration, semen freezing process was carried out. Extended semen was subjected to evaluation (motility, alive sperm, intact sperm membrane (HOST) % and acrosome integrity) in both cooled and cryopreserved semen. Results: The result revealed that sperm motility of post-cooled spermatozoa improved (P<0.05) by the use of BHT concentrations (1, 2 and 3 mM) in Tris semen extender if compared to the control (85.00±1.09), (83.33± 0.63), (81.67± 0.63) and (78.33± 0.63), respectively. Alive sperm percent was significantly higher in all concentrations of BHT. Sperm abnormalities percent were significantly lower in concentrations of BHT 1 and 2 (11.2±0.2), (11.8±0.2)and (13.4±0.4), respectively. Sperm membrane integrity were significantly higher in BHT concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mM). It is exhibited that improved sperm motility in post-thawed frozen semen in the concentrations of BHT (1, 2, 3 and 4 mM) if compared to the control. The sperm membrane integrity were significantly improved at all concentrations of BHT. Acrosome integrity was significantly higher at BHT concentration 1 mM (81.80±0.57) and (76.00±2.05), respectively. Conclusions: It could be concluded that some concentrations of BHT improved bull semen quality post-cooling and post-freezing.
Objective: To explore the effect of BHT on cattle spermatozoa during cooling and cryopreservation. Methods: Pooled bull semen were diluted by Tris-Citrate-Fructose egg yolk (TCFY) diluent considered as control (0 BHT) and different concentrations of BHT (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 mM were prepared in ethanol in prewarmed (37°C) test tubes. The ethanol was allowed to evaporate so that, a thin crystallized layer of BHT was deposited on the inner surface of the tubes. Then extended semen was added into the tubes and incubated at 37°C for 5 min to allow uptake of BHT by spermatozoa. The tubes were cooled slowly (approximately for 2 h) up to 5 and equilibrated for 4 h. After equilibration, semen freezing process was carried out. Extended semen was subjected to evaluation (motility, alive sperm, intact sperm membrane (HOST) % and acrosome integrity) in both cooled and cryopreserved semen. Results: The result revealed that sperm motility of post-cooled spermatozoa improved (P<0.05) by the use of BHT concentrations (1, 2 and 3 mM) in Tris semen extender if compared to the control (85.00±1.09), (83.33± 0.63), (81.67± 0.63) and (78.33± 0.63), respectively. Alive sperm percent was significantly higher in all concentrations of BHT. Sperm abnormalities percent were significantly lower in concentrations of BHT 1 and 2 (11.2±0.2), (11.8±0.2)and (13.4±0.4), respectively. Sperm membrane integrity were significantly higher in BHT concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mM). It is exhibited that improved sperm motility in post-thawed frozen semen in the concentrations of BHT (1, 2, 3 and 4 mM) if compared to the control. The sperm membrane integrity were significantly improved at all concentrations of BHT. Acrosome integrity was significantly higher at BHT concentration 1 mM (81.80±0.57) and (76.00±2.05), respectively. Conclusions: It could be concluded that some concentrations of BHT improved bull semen quality post-cooling and post-freezing.
2018(4):191-192, DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.237058
Abstract:
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