One Health Bulletin
Issue 3,2023 Table of Contents
2023(3):1-11.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.380553
Abstract:
Cryptosporidium, a ubiquitous intracellular protozoan parasite, is capable of causing zoonotic infections in humans and domestic and wild animals. The primary aim of this review is to summarize the infection prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Nepal. Based on all the available papers published until November 2022, we have also summarized the pattern of diagnostic methods, epidemiological factors, prevalence, and its genotypes distributed in humans, animals and environmental samples (mainly water). Among humans, the overall prevalence of cryptosporidiosis was 7.6% (1 328/17 527), of which the highest prevalence was identified in children (9.0%; 1 225/13 545), followed by HIV patients (4.6%; 51/1 107) and adults (1.8%; 52/2 875). The domestic animals were more infected (23.2%; 252/1 088) than the wild animals (18.2%; 63/347) by Cryptosporidium, and water (32.6%; 29/89) remained the major source of environmental contamination by Cryptosporidium oocysts. Molecular epidemiological studies regarding the zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis in Nepal are very few. However, molecular techniques have confirmed Cryptosporidium (C.) parvum isolates from humans as genotype Ia2, C. ryanae in zebu cattle and water buffalo, and C. ubiquitum in swamp deer by PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis of SSU rRNA gene. Extensive studies of Cryptosporidium at molecular level are warranted to find out its genomic variants in human and other vertebrates, both domestic and wild, in Nepal to elucidate its zoonotic potential in the future.
Cryptosporidium, a ubiquitous intracellular protozoan parasite, is capable of causing zoonotic infections in humans and domestic and wild animals. The primary aim of this review is to summarize the infection prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Nepal. Based on all the available papers published until November 2022, we have also summarized the pattern of diagnostic methods, epidemiological factors, prevalence, and its genotypes distributed in humans, animals and environmental samples (mainly water). Among humans, the overall prevalence of cryptosporidiosis was 7.6% (1 328/17 527), of which the highest prevalence was identified in children (9.0%; 1 225/13 545), followed by HIV patients (4.6%; 51/1 107) and adults (1.8%; 52/2 875). The domestic animals were more infected (23.2%; 252/1 088) than the wild animals (18.2%; 63/347) by Cryptosporidium, and water (32.6%; 29/89) remained the major source of environmental contamination by Cryptosporidium oocysts. Molecular epidemiological studies regarding the zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis in Nepal are very few. However, molecular techniques have confirmed Cryptosporidium (C.) parvum isolates from humans as genotype Ia2, C. ryanae in zebu cattle and water buffalo, and C. ubiquitum in swamp deer by PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis of SSU rRNA gene. Extensive studies of Cryptosporidium at molecular level are warranted to find out its genomic variants in human and other vertebrates, both domestic and wild, in Nepal to elucidate its zoonotic potential in the future.
2023(3):1-7.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.376723
Abstract:
Objective: To determine the prevalence of internet addiction and its associated factors among undergraduate students attending medical universities in Myanmar. Methods: Internet addiction was assessed using Young’s internet addiction test. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the factors associated with internet addiction. Altogether 950 students from all medical universities were included in the study voluntarily. Result: The prevalence of internet addiction in the study population was 72.2% (95%CI: 69.3%, 75.0%). According to the results of multiple logistic regression analysis, age, percentage of pocket money spent for internet, time spent per day using the internet, peer pressure, health-related behaviours (irregular meals, sleep disturbances, and missing social gatherings), and academic performance (postponement of the study and inability to concentrate on studying) were significant predictors of internet addiction. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of internet addiction among Myanmar undergraduate medical students. Appropriate interventions, including promotion and strengthening of active and healthy lifestyles among students, should be implemented to prevent internet addiction and its adverse outcomes.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of internet addiction and its associated factors among undergraduate students attending medical universities in Myanmar. Methods: Internet addiction was assessed using Young’s internet addiction test. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the factors associated with internet addiction. Altogether 950 students from all medical universities were included in the study voluntarily. Result: The prevalence of internet addiction in the study population was 72.2% (95%CI: 69.3%, 75.0%). According to the results of multiple logistic regression analysis, age, percentage of pocket money spent for internet, time spent per day using the internet, peer pressure, health-related behaviours (irregular meals, sleep disturbances, and missing social gatherings), and academic performance (postponement of the study and inability to concentrate on studying) were significant predictors of internet addiction. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of internet addiction among Myanmar undergraduate medical students. Appropriate interventions, including promotion and strengthening of active and healthy lifestyles among students, should be implemented to prevent internet addiction and its adverse outcomes.
2023(3):1-5.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.385536.
Abstract:
Objective: We aimed to find the most accurate and robust method for the detection of colistin resistance among Gram-negative bacteria by comparing the performance of four methods. Methods: Colistin resistantance was determine by disk diffusion (DD), Etest, colistin broth disk elution (CBDE) and compared with standard broth microdilution (BMD) method. Result: An exploratory study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Jaipur, India, from November 2021 to November 2022. Of the 384 isolates tested, 41 (10.7%) were resistant against colistin by BMD and CBDE testing. Compared with BMD method, the categorical agreement of DD and Etest methods were 65.9% and 78.1%, respectively, and the rates of very major error were 34.1% and 21.9%, respectively. Conclusions: Due to the high frequency of very major error, the use of DD and Etest are not recommended by Clinical laboratory and standards institute (CLSI) for colistin susceptibility testing while CBDE is the recommended method which yields a categorical agreement of 100% with BMD method. The CBDE method can be used in routine laboratories for the detection of colistin resistance.
Objective: We aimed to find the most accurate and robust method for the detection of colistin resistance among Gram-negative bacteria by comparing the performance of four methods. Methods: Colistin resistantance was determine by disk diffusion (DD), Etest, colistin broth disk elution (CBDE) and compared with standard broth microdilution (BMD) method. Result: An exploratory study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Jaipur, India, from November 2021 to November 2022. Of the 384 isolates tested, 41 (10.7%) were resistant against colistin by BMD and CBDE testing. Compared with BMD method, the categorical agreement of DD and Etest methods were 65.9% and 78.1%, respectively, and the rates of very major error were 34.1% and 21.9%, respectively. Conclusions: Due to the high frequency of very major error, the use of DD and Etest are not recommended by Clinical laboratory and standards institute (CLSI) for colistin susceptibility testing while CBDE is the recommended method which yields a categorical agreement of 100% with BMD method. The CBDE method can be used in routine laboratories for the detection of colistin resistance.
Sai Simha Reddy Vakamalla
,
Murthy Suman Kumar
,
Himani Dhanze
,
Vinodh Kumar Obli Rajendran
,
Chandni Abdul Jabbar Rafeeka
,
Dhirendra Kumar Singh
2023(3):1-8.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.383635
Abstract:
Objective: To study the occurrence of brucellosis in small ruminants in a district of Southern India. Methods: A total of 425 serum samples (215 sheep and 210 goats) were collected from January to March 2022 using a multistage sampling method. The serum samples were subjected to three serological tests that were employed in this study, namely RBPT (Rose Bengal Plate Test), STAT (Standard Tube Agglutination Test), and I-ELISA. The risk factors were determined by collecting data through a questionnaire and establishing correlations between the responses and seropositivity within a specific flock. Results: Among the 425 samples collected, 91 samples (21.4%) were positive by RBPT, 124 samples (29.2%) by STAT and 156 samples (36.7%) by I-ELISA in sheep and goats. Sheep showed higher seropositivity in all three tests than goats. Analysis of multivariable logistic regression showed that age (>3 vs. <3 years; OR: 2.262, 95%CI:1.414–3.618), abortion history (yes vs. no; OR: 1.837; 95% CI:1.098–3.071) , vaginal discharges (yes vs. no; OR: 2.334; 95% CI:1.421–3.835), the migratory herd (yes vs. no; OR: 2.197; 95%CI:1.369–3.527), and place of disposal of the foetus (yes vs. no; OR: 2.093; 95%CI:1.320–3.318) were significant risk factors of brucellosis. Conclusions: Livestock owners and consumers of sheep and goats should be educated about brucellosis and prevention strategies to mitigate its uncontrolled spread and lower the potential threat of human brucellosis. Choosing the right rearing practices, enhancing husbandry procedures, changing farmer’s perspectives on brucellosis, and inclusion of small ruminants in brucellosis control programs are all key management approaches that can aid in the prevention and control of Brucella infection in small ruminants.
Objective: To study the occurrence of brucellosis in small ruminants in a district of Southern India. Methods: A total of 425 serum samples (215 sheep and 210 goats) were collected from January to March 2022 using a multistage sampling method. The serum samples were subjected to three serological tests that were employed in this study, namely RBPT (Rose Bengal Plate Test), STAT (Standard Tube Agglutination Test), and I-ELISA. The risk factors were determined by collecting data through a questionnaire and establishing correlations between the responses and seropositivity within a specific flock. Results: Among the 425 samples collected, 91 samples (21.4%) were positive by RBPT, 124 samples (29.2%) by STAT and 156 samples (36.7%) by I-ELISA in sheep and goats. Sheep showed higher seropositivity in all three tests than goats. Analysis of multivariable logistic regression showed that age (>3 vs. <3 years; OR: 2.262, 95%CI:1.414–3.618), abortion history (yes vs. no; OR: 1.837; 95% CI:1.098–3.071) , vaginal discharges (yes vs. no; OR: 2.334; 95% CI:1.421–3.835), the migratory herd (yes vs. no; OR: 2.197; 95%CI:1.369–3.527), and place of disposal of the foetus (yes vs. no; OR: 2.093; 95%CI:1.320–3.318) were significant risk factors of brucellosis. Conclusions: Livestock owners and consumers of sheep and goats should be educated about brucellosis and prevention strategies to mitigate its uncontrolled spread and lower the potential threat of human brucellosis. Choosing the right rearing practices, enhancing husbandry procedures, changing farmer’s perspectives on brucellosis, and inclusion of small ruminants in brucellosis control programs are all key management approaches that can aid in the prevention and control of Brucella infection in small ruminants.
2023(3):1-9.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.363563
Abstract:
Rabies is widely prevalent worldwide, and China is among the countries most affected. To achieve the goal of zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030, dog management and immunization must be improved and comprehensive prevention and control measures must be adopted. We analyze the epidemiological profile of rabies in China in the past 30 years to clarify the origins of China’s high prevalence, and propose a comprehensive rabies prevention and control concept based on “One Health” by drawing on successful international control efforts.Results: The Omicron variants had the characteristics of high insidiousness, rapid transmission, high infectivity, and short incubation period, which were consistent with the characteristics of outbreaks caused by Omicron in other regions in China and abroad. There were 568 978 asymptomatic infections in Shanghai from Feburary 26 to June 30, 2022, accounting for 90.73% of the SARS-CoV-2 infections in this outbreak wave. It’s significantly different from a total of 23 277 SARS-CoV-2 infections in China between March 31, 2020 and August 8, 2021, of which 41.97% of the cases were asymptomatic infections. Conclusions: Compared with previous outbreaks emerged in China, the Omicron outbreak in Shanghai was characterized by multiple point dissemination, wide coverage, a large number of close contacts of confirmed infections and asymptomatic carriers, and difficult source tracing. The lessons from Shanghai’s response to Omicron showed that the dynamic zero-COVID policy is still the most suitable response to the virus which can quickly find the infections and curb the transmission route.
Rabies is widely prevalent worldwide, and China is among the countries most affected. To achieve the goal of zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030, dog management and immunization must be improved and comprehensive prevention and control measures must be adopted. We analyze the epidemiological profile of rabies in China in the past 30 years to clarify the origins of China’s high prevalence, and propose a comprehensive rabies prevention and control concept based on “One Health” by drawing on successful international control efforts.Results: The Omicron variants had the characteristics of high insidiousness, rapid transmission, high infectivity, and short incubation period, which were consistent with the characteristics of outbreaks caused by Omicron in other regions in China and abroad. There were 568 978 asymptomatic infections in Shanghai from Feburary 26 to June 30, 2022, accounting for 90.73% of the SARS-CoV-2 infections in this outbreak wave. It’s significantly different from a total of 23 277 SARS-CoV-2 infections in China between March 31, 2020 and August 8, 2021, of which 41.97% of the cases were asymptomatic infections. Conclusions: Compared with previous outbreaks emerged in China, the Omicron outbreak in Shanghai was characterized by multiple point dissemination, wide coverage, a large number of close contacts of confirmed infections and asymptomatic carriers, and difficult source tracing. The lessons from Shanghai’s response to Omicron showed that the dynamic zero-COVID policy is still the most suitable response to the virus which can quickly find the infections and curb the transmission route.
Guangxu Ren
,
Jiaqi Li
,
Jingyan Xiong
,
Xiuyi Lai
,
Yuan Wang
,
Sheng Lei
,
Xin Lu
,
Tianya He
,
Yunfei Zhou
,
Yun Zhang
,
Gang Lv
2023(3):1-10.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.383636
Abstract:
Objective: To detect the prevalence and characterize of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia (G.) duodenalis, Enterocytozoon (E.) bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. of animals at a tropical wildlife park in Hainan Province, China, and to assess zoonotic risks and the potential threat of public health. Methods: Fecal specimens were collected from animals of 27 species at the wildlife park in Hainan Province, China, and detected these pathogens using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications and sequencing of gene fragments based on small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), internal transcribed spacer ( ITS) and SSU rRNA gene, respectively. Results: A total of 99 animals were studied, and 33 (33.3%) animals were found to harbor intestinal parasite, and the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, E. bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. were 9.1%, 2.0%, 5.1%, and 25.3%, respectively. Five Cryptosporidium species (C. parvum, C. ubiquitum, C. scrofarum, C. xiaoi and C. parvum-like), one G. duodenalis assemblages (E), four E. bieneusi ITS genotypes (CM1, HLJD-I, HNR-III and 1 novel genotype HNED-III) were detected, and seven subtypes of Blastocystis sp. (ST1, ST2, ST3, ST5, ST10, ST14 and ST15) were also identified. Conclusions: This is the first molecular detection and public health risk assessment of four intestinal protozoa species in Hainan Tropical Wildlife Park and Botanical Garden, China. Almost all species/ genotypes/subtypes of four intestinal protozoa identified in this study have the potential of zoonosis and may cause public health risks.
Objective: To detect the prevalence and characterize of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia (G.) duodenalis, Enterocytozoon (E.) bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. of animals at a tropical wildlife park in Hainan Province, China, and to assess zoonotic risks and the potential threat of public health. Methods: Fecal specimens were collected from animals of 27 species at the wildlife park in Hainan Province, China, and detected these pathogens using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications and sequencing of gene fragments based on small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), internal transcribed spacer ( ITS) and SSU rRNA gene, respectively. Results: A total of 99 animals were studied, and 33 (33.3%) animals were found to harbor intestinal parasite, and the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, E. bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. were 9.1%, 2.0%, 5.1%, and 25.3%, respectively. Five Cryptosporidium species (C. parvum, C. ubiquitum, C. scrofarum, C. xiaoi and C. parvum-like), one G. duodenalis assemblages (E), four E. bieneusi ITS genotypes (CM1, HLJD-I, HNR-III and 1 novel genotype HNED-III) were detected, and seven subtypes of Blastocystis sp. (ST1, ST2, ST3, ST5, ST10, ST14 and ST15) were also identified. Conclusions: This is the first molecular detection and public health risk assessment of four intestinal protozoa species in Hainan Tropical Wildlife Park and Botanical Garden, China. Almost all species/ genotypes/subtypes of four intestinal protozoa identified in this study have the potential of zoonosis and may cause public health risks.
2023(3):1-7.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.363564
Abstract:
Objective: This study aimed to determine the carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes in third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCR) Escherichia (E.) coli from frequently contacted surfaces, wastewater and disinfectant-cleaning solutions of selected healthcare institutions in South-western Nigeria. Methods: Samples were collected over three months for the isolation of 3GCR E. coli on MacConkey agar containing 6 μg/mL of cefotaxime. 3GCR E. coli isolates were identified by detection of uidA gene and susceptibility to selected antibiotics was performed using disc-diffusion method. Detection of ESBL genes was done using primer-specific PCR. Results: A total of 22 ESBL-producing E. coli (11 each from the frequently contacted surfaces and wastewater) were obtained from the pool of 3GCR isolates in this study. No isolate was recovered from the disinfectant-cleaning solution. All the ESBL-producing E. coli obtained from the frequently contacted surfaces and wastewater were multidrug resistant, with complete resistance observed to ampicillin, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, tetracycline and ertapenem. The ESBL genotyping showed that 54.5% carried blaCTX-M , 63.6% carried blaTEM and 9.1% carried blaSHV in isolates from the frequently contacted surfaces, while 63.6%, 9.1% and 18.2% carried blaCTX-M , blaTEM and blaSHV , respectively, in the isolates obtained from the wastewater. Conclusions: This study showed a high burden of multidrug resistance E. coli on frequently contacted surfaces and wastewater of the studied healthcare institutions, indicating the need for good hygiene and proper mitigation measures to prevent potential public health and environmental challenges.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes in third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCR) Escherichia (E.) coli from frequently contacted surfaces, wastewater and disinfectant-cleaning solutions of selected healthcare institutions in South-western Nigeria. Methods: Samples were collected over three months for the isolation of 3GCR E. coli on MacConkey agar containing 6 μg/mL of cefotaxime. 3GCR E. coli isolates were identified by detection of uidA gene and susceptibility to selected antibiotics was performed using disc-diffusion method. Detection of ESBL genes was done using primer-specific PCR. Results: A total of 22 ESBL-producing E. coli (11 each from the frequently contacted surfaces and wastewater) were obtained from the pool of 3GCR isolates in this study. No isolate was recovered from the disinfectant-cleaning solution. All the ESBL-producing E. coli obtained from the frequently contacted surfaces and wastewater were multidrug resistant, with complete resistance observed to ampicillin, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, tetracycline and ertapenem. The ESBL genotyping showed that 54.5% carried blaCTX-M , 63.6% carried blaTEM and 9.1% carried blaSHV in isolates from the frequently contacted surfaces, while 63.6%, 9.1% and 18.2% carried blaCTX-M , blaTEM and blaSHV , respectively, in the isolates obtained from the wastewater. Conclusions: This study showed a high burden of multidrug resistance E. coli on frequently contacted surfaces and wastewater of the studied healthcare institutions, indicating the need for good hygiene and proper mitigation measures to prevent potential public health and environmental challenges.
2023(3):1-7.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.374224
Abstract:
Objective: To assess the level of knowledge and practice on malaria prevention among the residents of Ratuwamai Municipality in Nepal. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out on Ratuwamai Municipality of Ward No. 8 in Morang District, Nepal. A total of 352 respondents with an age range from 15 to 70 years were interviewed from October 9 to October 31, 2022. Statistically significant differences between two or more categorical groups were measured using independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA test, and Kruskal-Wallis H test. Result: Out of the total sample, 57.7% of the respondents were 24 to 50 years old with a mean age of (36.9±14.3) years. In the knowledge test, 82% of the responses were accurate. Though 98.6% of people had heard of malaria, only 48.3% said it was a communicable disease. In practice, 84.9% always cleaned the surrounding area and trimmed the bushes around the house; 75.9% used insecticide-treated bed nets or normal bed nets for sleeping; only 7.4% used mosquito repellent creams on exposed body parts while staying outdoors at night, working in fields, and sleeping. Conclusions: The majority had knowledge about malaria, but more than half had poor practice. We advise concerned authorities to promote the behavior change communication strategy to encourage individuals to adopt healthy, beneficial, and good behavioral practices.
Objective: To assess the level of knowledge and practice on malaria prevention among the residents of Ratuwamai Municipality in Nepal. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out on Ratuwamai Municipality of Ward No. 8 in Morang District, Nepal. A total of 352 respondents with an age range from 15 to 70 years were interviewed from October 9 to October 31, 2022. Statistically significant differences between two or more categorical groups were measured using independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA test, and Kruskal-Wallis H test. Result: Out of the total sample, 57.7% of the respondents were 24 to 50 years old with a mean age of (36.9±14.3) years. In the knowledge test, 82% of the responses were accurate. Though 98.6% of people had heard of malaria, only 48.3% said it was a communicable disease. In practice, 84.9% always cleaned the surrounding area and trimmed the bushes around the house; 75.9% used insecticide-treated bed nets or normal bed nets for sleeping; only 7.4% used mosquito repellent creams on exposed body parts while staying outdoors at night, working in fields, and sleeping. Conclusions: The majority had knowledge about malaria, but more than half had poor practice. We advise concerned authorities to promote the behavior change communication strategy to encourage individuals to adopt healthy, beneficial, and good behavioral practices.
2023(3):1-12.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.371402
Abstract:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease of the brain. Currently, approximately 55 million people have dementia across the globe and the number of AD patients is estimated by the WHO to reach about 78 million people by 2030 and nearly 139 million by 2050 globally. Amyloid β42, amyloid β oligomers, and tau proteins are the major biomarkers to understand the AD-like pathology. Therapies target β-amyloid (Aβ) for the modification of AD but poor permeability hampers the uses of drugs against AD. Other drugs including NMDA-receptor antagonists, cholinesterase inhibitors and their combination provide only temporary symptomatic relief. Meanwhile nutraceuticals are studied for mitigating the course of dementia. This study reviews therapeutic nutraceuticals which could be effective for treating AD.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease of the brain. Currently, approximately 55 million people have dementia across the globe and the number of AD patients is estimated by the WHO to reach about 78 million people by 2030 and nearly 139 million by 2050 globally. Amyloid β42, amyloid β oligomers, and tau proteins are the major biomarkers to understand the AD-like pathology. Therapies target β-amyloid (Aβ) for the modification of AD but poor permeability hampers the uses of drugs against AD. Other drugs including NMDA-receptor antagonists, cholinesterase inhibitors and their combination provide only temporary symptomatic relief. Meanwhile nutraceuticals are studied for mitigating the course of dementia. This study reviews therapeutic nutraceuticals which could be effective for treating AD.
2023(3):1-9.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.378589
Abstract:
Objective: : To determine the potential risk factor of COVID-19 severity and length of hospitalization, the association between multiple antibiotics administration and the risk of severe COVID-19. Methods: :A case-control study of 58 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (the case group) and 120 non-hospitalized home isolated COVID-19 patients (the control group) was conducted. Data were collected using hospital medical records and verbal questionnaires for the participants. Results: : Totally 89.2% of non-hospitalized mild COVID-19 patients received ≤2 courses of antibiotics/year, while 36.0% of hospitalized patients received ≥4 courses of antibiotics, 56.9% received 2-3 courses of antibiotics/year and only 6.9% of them were exposed to ≤2 courses of antibiotics/year. our study emphasizes that the usage of 4 courses or higher per year was a significant risk factor for hospitalization [OR: 17.5; 95% CI (2.596-118.263); P=0.003], while the usage of ≤2 courses was a preventive predictor for severity and hospitalization [OR: 0.072; 95%CI (0.006-0.900); P=0.041]. Furthermore, age was associated with 8.4% increase in the odds of severe COVID-19 [OR: 1.084; 95% CI (1.024-1.148), P=0.005], and females were 89.1% less likely to hospitalized than males [OR: 0.109; 95% CI (0.024-0.498); P= 0.004]. Our study shows that 70.4% of cases misused antibiotics and administered the antibiotics themselves without a physician’s prescription. Around 50.0% of cases never completed the ideal duration of the course in contrast to controls, of which only 23.2% did not complete the ideal duration. Conclusions: : Our study shows that antibiotics misuse and overuse may be a potential risk factor for COVID-19 severity and hospitalization.
Objective: : To determine the potential risk factor of COVID-19 severity and length of hospitalization, the association between multiple antibiotics administration and the risk of severe COVID-19. Methods: :A case-control study of 58 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (the case group) and 120 non-hospitalized home isolated COVID-19 patients (the control group) was conducted. Data were collected using hospital medical records and verbal questionnaires for the participants. Results: : Totally 89.2% of non-hospitalized mild COVID-19 patients received ≤2 courses of antibiotics/year, while 36.0% of hospitalized patients received ≥4 courses of antibiotics, 56.9% received 2-3 courses of antibiotics/year and only 6.9% of them were exposed to ≤2 courses of antibiotics/year. our study emphasizes that the usage of 4 courses or higher per year was a significant risk factor for hospitalization [OR: 17.5; 95% CI (2.596-118.263); P=0.003], while the usage of ≤2 courses was a preventive predictor for severity and hospitalization [OR: 0.072; 95%CI (0.006-0.900); P=0.041]. Furthermore, age was associated with 8.4% increase in the odds of severe COVID-19 [OR: 1.084; 95% CI (1.024-1.148), P=0.005], and females were 89.1% less likely to hospitalized than males [OR: 0.109; 95% CI (0.024-0.498); P= 0.004]. Our study shows that 70.4% of cases misused antibiotics and administered the antibiotics themselves without a physician’s prescription. Around 50.0% of cases never completed the ideal duration of the course in contrast to controls, of which only 23.2% did not complete the ideal duration. Conclusions: : Our study shows that antibiotics misuse and overuse may be a potential risk factor for COVID-19 severity and hospitalization.
Hongrang Zhou
,
Guifu Li
,
Xiaoming Wang
,
Zhe Zhou
,
Wen Kong
,
Jingfei Hu
,
Kaiyou Ye
,
Wenjiang Zhong
,
Xiaoling Wang
,
Ning Xiao
2023(3):1-3.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.374229
Abstract:
The COVID-19 vaccines provide a high degree of protection against severe disease, hospitalisation, and death. However, no vaccine claimed 100% effectiveness and it is expected that a small proportion of vaccinated individuals may develop a breakthrough infection due to individual differences, virus variants and other factors. We conducted an epidemiological investigation and analysis of an imported case who had finished four doses of vaccination, and in order to provide a relevant reference for regular epidemic prevention and control in the post-pandemic era.
The COVID-19 vaccines provide a high degree of protection against severe disease, hospitalisation, and death. However, no vaccine claimed 100% effectiveness and it is expected that a small proportion of vaccinated individuals may develop a breakthrough infection due to individual differences, virus variants and other factors. We conducted an epidemiological investigation and analysis of an imported case who had finished four doses of vaccination, and in order to provide a relevant reference for regular epidemic prevention and control in the post-pandemic era.
2023(3):1-10.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.376722
Abstract:
Objective: SARS-CoV-2 infection is an ongoing public health emergency of international significance. Considering that there is no specific drug and 100% effective vaccine yet, knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19 are crucial to prevent and manage the pandemic. This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practices toward COVID-19 prevention measures of graduate students at a university in northwestern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted between September to December 2020. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics and KAP of 407 randomly selected individuals. The data were exported to SPSS version 23.0, and bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used for analyses. Variables with P＜0.25 in the bivariate logistic regression analysis were retained into the multivariable logistic regression models. The values were considered to be statistically significant ( P≤0.05). The data quality control was tested by using 5% pretest. Results:Among 407 participants, 267 (65.6%) had sufficient knowledge, 239 (58.7%) had positive attitude and 189 (46.4%) had good practices toward COVID-19. Marital status (AOR 0.38; 95%CI 0.11-0.95; P=0.040) and student admission type (AOR 0.32; 95%CI 0.15-0.68; P=0.003) had a statistically significant association with knowledge of students. Residence (AOR 0.18; 95%CI 0.09- 0.34; P＜0.01) (AOR 0.16; 95%CI 0.07-0.36; P＜0.01), family size (AOR 0.45; 95%CI 0.23-0.87, P=0.017) (AOR 0.29; 95%CI 0.14-0.60; P=0.001), student admission type (AOR 0.11: 95%CI 0.04-0.29, P＜0.01) (AOR 0.01; 95%CI 0.00-0.05; P＜0.01) and monthly income (AOR 0.17; 95%CI 0.05-0.58; P=0.005) (AOR 0.08; 95%CI 0.02-0.32; P＜0.01) were significantly associated with positive attitude and good practices, respectively. Besides, good practices such as avoiding handshaking and physical distancing were performed in the least amount of participants. Conclusions: The scores of KAP among graduate students toward COVID-19 are low. It is recommended that university administrators reinforce proactive and effective measures to develop good knowledge, positive attitude, and better practices regarding COVID-19 for the students.
Objective: SARS-CoV-2 infection is an ongoing public health emergency of international significance. Considering that there is no specific drug and 100% effective vaccine yet, knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19 are crucial to prevent and manage the pandemic. This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practices toward COVID-19 prevention measures of graduate students at a university in northwestern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted between September to December 2020. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics and KAP of 407 randomly selected individuals. The data were exported to SPSS version 23.0, and bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used for analyses. Variables with P＜0.25 in the bivariate logistic regression analysis were retained into the multivariable logistic regression models. The values were considered to be statistically significant ( P≤0.05). The data quality control was tested by using 5% pretest. Results:Among 407 participants, 267 (65.6%) had sufficient knowledge, 239 (58.7%) had positive attitude and 189 (46.4%) had good practices toward COVID-19. Marital status (AOR 0.38; 95%CI 0.11-0.95; P=0.040) and student admission type (AOR 0.32; 95%CI 0.15-0.68; P=0.003) had a statistically significant association with knowledge of students. Residence (AOR 0.18; 95%CI 0.09- 0.34; P＜0.01) (AOR 0.16; 95%CI 0.07-0.36; P＜0.01), family size (AOR 0.45; 95%CI 0.23-0.87, P=0.017) (AOR 0.29; 95%CI 0.14-0.60; P=0.001), student admission type (AOR 0.11: 95%CI 0.04-0.29, P＜0.01) (AOR 0.01; 95%CI 0.00-0.05; P＜0.01) and monthly income (AOR 0.17; 95%CI 0.05-0.58; P=0.005) (AOR 0.08; 95%CI 0.02-0.32; P＜0.01) were significantly associated with positive attitude and good practices, respectively. Besides, good practices such as avoiding handshaking and physical distancing were performed in the least amount of participants. Conclusions: The scores of KAP among graduate students toward COVID-19 are low. It is recommended that university administrators reinforce proactive and effective measures to develop good knowledge, positive attitude, and better practices regarding COVID-19 for the students.
Peter Adikwu
,
Ebele Uchenna Umeh
,
Innocent Okonkwo Ogbonna
,
Iheukwumere Charles Chidozie
,
Godwin Attah Obande
,
Martina Enyanwu Okoh
,
Godwin Emmanuel Oyiwona
,
Solomon Terser Soom
2023(3):1-8.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.378587
Abstract:
Objective: : To examine multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella (S.) Typhi isolates obtained from the stool samples of patients attending secondary health centers in Southern Benue, Nigeria, for extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production and conjugative ability. Methods: : The double disc synergy test was used to screen for ESBL production in MDR isolates. The ability of S. Typhi to transfer resistance gene was determined by conjugation experiments using standard protocols, with slight modifications. Escherichia (E.) coli ATCC 25922 was used as the recipient organism. Results: : The donor S. Typhi isolates showed resistance to all the classes of antibiotics except aminoglycosides and carbapenems. All isolates except TKP 106, APA 55, APA 78 and OGB 106 were positive for ESBL production. Reduction in the zones of inhibition of E. coli after incubation with S. Typhi showed evidence of conjugation and transfer of antibiotic resistance from S. Typhi to E. coli. Conclusions: : The presence of ESBL-producing S. Typhi capable of conjugation poses a significant risk to the treatment and management of typhoid fever, which highlights the need for the regulation of antibiotic use through relevant policies and strategies that aim at halting the spread of MDR and ESBL-producing S. Typhi in such rural settings.
Objective: : To examine multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella (S.) Typhi isolates obtained from the stool samples of patients attending secondary health centers in Southern Benue, Nigeria, for extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production and conjugative ability. Methods: : The double disc synergy test was used to screen for ESBL production in MDR isolates. The ability of S. Typhi to transfer resistance gene was determined by conjugation experiments using standard protocols, with slight modifications. Escherichia (E.) coli ATCC 25922 was used as the recipient organism. Results: : The donor S. Typhi isolates showed resistance to all the classes of antibiotics except aminoglycosides and carbapenems. All isolates except TKP 106, APA 55, APA 78 and OGB 106 were positive for ESBL production. Reduction in the zones of inhibition of E. coli after incubation with S. Typhi showed evidence of conjugation and transfer of antibiotic resistance from S. Typhi to E. coli. Conclusions: : The presence of ESBL-producing S. Typhi capable of conjugation poses a significant risk to the treatment and management of typhoid fever, which highlights the need for the regulation of antibiotic use through relevant policies and strategies that aim at halting the spread of MDR and ESBL-producing S. Typhi in such rural settings.
Kamran Mirzaie
,
Mohammad Hasan Rabiee
,
Mohsen Bashashati
,
Arash Ghalyanchi
,
Abdulhamid Shoushtari
,
Arash Parsai
,
Mohammad Hossein Fallah Mehrabadi
2023(3):1-6.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.380552
Abstract:
Objective: : To investigate the biosecurity measures practiced at commercial layer chicken farms in Abyek country, Qazvin, Iran.. Methods: : In this cross-sectional study, all licensed and active commercial layer chicken farms in Abyek county, Qazvin province, Iran in 2019 were recruited. We used a risk-based weighted scoring system (Biocheck.UGent) to assess the level of biosecurity according to internal and external classification. Biosecurity was quantified by converting the answers to 169 questions into score from 0 to 100. The minimum score, “0,” represents total absence of any biosecurity measure on the farm, whereas the maximum score, “100,” means full application of all investigated biosecurity measures. Results: : The mean score of overall biosecurity in the commercial layer chicken farms in Abyek county, Qazvin province was 72.7. The mean score of internal and external biosecurity measures were 77.1 and 72.2, respectively. The lowest mean score was due to “Disease management” (69.7) among internal biosecurity measures and the lowest mean scores were for "Location of farm” (39.0) and “Removal of manure and dead animals” (42.6) among external biosecurity measures. The highest mean score was for “Transport of the eggs level” (91.0) for external biosecurity measures. Conclusions: : This study showed the biosecurity status of commercial layer chicken farms in Abyek county, Qazvin, Iran and revealed some weaknesses in the implementation of these measures at the internal and external levels. It showed the biosecurity measures of these farms, especially at the external levels need to be improved. This information can aid decision-making on efforts used to improve disease control and prevention strategies in poultry farms.
Objective: : To investigate the biosecurity measures practiced at commercial layer chicken farms in Abyek country, Qazvin, Iran.. Methods: : In this cross-sectional study, all licensed and active commercial layer chicken farms in Abyek county, Qazvin province, Iran in 2019 were recruited. We used a risk-based weighted scoring system (Biocheck.UGent) to assess the level of biosecurity according to internal and external classification. Biosecurity was quantified by converting the answers to 169 questions into score from 0 to 100. The minimum score, “0,” represents total absence of any biosecurity measure on the farm, whereas the maximum score, “100,” means full application of all investigated biosecurity measures. Results: : The mean score of overall biosecurity in the commercial layer chicken farms in Abyek county, Qazvin province was 72.7. The mean score of internal and external biosecurity measures were 77.1 and 72.2, respectively. The lowest mean score was due to “Disease management” (69.7) among internal biosecurity measures and the lowest mean scores were for "Location of farm” (39.0) and “Removal of manure and dead animals” (42.6) among external biosecurity measures. The highest mean score was for “Transport of the eggs level” (91.0) for external biosecurity measures. Conclusions: : This study showed the biosecurity status of commercial layer chicken farms in Abyek county, Qazvin, Iran and revealed some weaknesses in the implementation of these measures at the internal and external levels. It showed the biosecurity measures of these farms, especially at the external levels need to be improved. This information can aid decision-making on efforts used to improve disease control and prevention strategies in poultry farms.
2023(3):1-8.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.387692
Abstract:
Objective: To investigate the environmental factors associated with enteric diseases among children in coastal Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted between July 2018 and November 2018, enrolling 59 preschool children from Nabipur village in Bhola district and Paikgacha village in Khulna district. Keraniganj in Dhaka district was selected as a control village for comparison. A self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data, including health information (height, weight, food habits, and hygiene practices), age and history of medication. Food, water and stool samples were also collected from the participants. Results:Children in coastal zones experience an average of 6 episodes per year as compared to 3 diarrhea episodes in Dhaka. The salinity of drinking water varied significantly across the study sites (480±30 ppm in Bhola, 450±36 ppm Khulna, 180±17 ppm in Dhaka). The coastal children had higher fecal calprotectin levels (67±2.7 ng/mg and 77±12 ng/mg in Khulna and Bhola, respectively) compared to those living in Dhaka (25±1.5 ng/ mg). The levels of fecal calprotectin and fecal s100A12 were both positively correlated with the salinity of drinking water in Bhola (r=0.66 for calprotectin; r=0.51 for s100A12) and Khulna (r=0.77 for calprotectin; r=0.54 for s100A12). Conclusions:The study revealed a positive correlation between the salinity levels in drinking water and the elevated levels of fecal calprotectin and fecal s100A12 in children living in coastal villages of Khulna and Bhola in Bangladesh, whereas no such association was found among children living in central Bangladeshi locality of Keraniganj, Dhaka.
Objective: To investigate the environmental factors associated with enteric diseases among children in coastal Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted between July 2018 and November 2018, enrolling 59 preschool children from Nabipur village in Bhola district and Paikgacha village in Khulna district. Keraniganj in Dhaka district was selected as a control village for comparison. A self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data, including health information (height, weight, food habits, and hygiene practices), age and history of medication. Food, water and stool samples were also collected from the participants. Results:Children in coastal zones experience an average of 6 episodes per year as compared to 3 diarrhea episodes in Dhaka. The salinity of drinking water varied significantly across the study sites (480±30 ppm in Bhola, 450±36 ppm Khulna, 180±17 ppm in Dhaka). The coastal children had higher fecal calprotectin levels (67±2.7 ng/mg and 77±12 ng/mg in Khulna and Bhola, respectively) compared to those living in Dhaka (25±1.5 ng/ mg). The levels of fecal calprotectin and fecal s100A12 were both positively correlated with the salinity of drinking water in Bhola (r=0.66 for calprotectin; r=0.51 for s100A12) and Khulna (r=0.77 for calprotectin; r=0.54 for s100A12). Conclusions:The study revealed a positive correlation between the salinity levels in drinking water and the elevated levels of fecal calprotectin and fecal s100A12 in children living in coastal villages of Khulna and Bhola in Bangladesh, whereas no such association was found among children living in central Bangladeshi locality of Keraniganj, Dhaka.
2023(3):1-7.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.389607
Abstract:
Infectious diseases remain a serious concern all over the world due to its significant impact on public health and economic stability. About 30 new causative organisms have been discovered over the past few decades, most of which are zoonotic in origins. Thus, infectious diseases are now posing a never-ending challenge to human civilisation. As a result, constant awareness along with adoption of effective strategies to control infectious disease spread has now become crucial. This review gives valuable information on diseases that emerge and re-emerge every now and then. The paper also highlights challenges related to tackling of infectious diseases in present scenario and significance of employing strategies for effective control in near future against various deadly infectious diseases like COVID-19.
Infectious diseases remain a serious concern all over the world due to its significant impact on public health and economic stability. About 30 new causative organisms have been discovered over the past few decades, most of which are zoonotic in origins. Thus, infectious diseases are now posing a never-ending challenge to human civilisation. As a result, constant awareness along with adoption of effective strategies to control infectious disease spread has now become crucial. This review gives valuable information on diseases that emerge and re-emerge every now and then. The paper also highlights challenges related to tackling of infectious diseases in present scenario and significance of employing strategies for effective control in near future against various deadly infectious diseases like COVID-19.
2023(3):1-5.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.369071
Abstract:
Mpox (monkeypox) is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus, which belongs to the orthopoxvirus genus. Concern has recently been expressed over the appearance of the human monkeypox virus and its severe clinical presentation that resembles smallpox. Currently, due to the decrescence of immunity among smallpox-vaccinated residents, and the accumulation of unvaccinated cohorts, people are generally susceptible to mpox. A cumulative number of 79 411 laboratory-confirmed cases of mpox and 50 fatalities have been reported to the World Health Organization from 110 countries between 1 January and 13 November 2022. This paper provides an overview of the epidemiology and clinical features of mpox, and control and prevention approaches for mpox to fully understand and prevent human infections.
Mpox (monkeypox) is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus, which belongs to the orthopoxvirus genus. Concern has recently been expressed over the appearance of the human monkeypox virus and its severe clinical presentation that resembles smallpox. Currently, due to the decrescence of immunity among smallpox-vaccinated residents, and the accumulation of unvaccinated cohorts, people are generally susceptible to mpox. A cumulative number of 79 411 laboratory-confirmed cases of mpox and 50 fatalities have been reported to the World Health Organization from 110 countries between 1 January and 13 November 2022. This paper provides an overview of the epidemiology and clinical features of mpox, and control and prevention approaches for mpox to fully understand and prevent human infections.
2023(3):1-15.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.387693
Abstract:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic of infectious disease characterized by significant morbidity, symptomatic manifestations, and severe outcomes. Vaccines have proven to be an effective means of impeding the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and have been widely employed globally. Despite breakthroughs such as mRNA vaccine, intramuscular COVID-19 vaccine still faces numerous chanllenges, such as failure to completely avoid infections, high cost, and difficult transport conditions. The mucosa is the primary site through which SARS-CoV-2 invades the body and may induce effective immune responses. In the face of the increasing immune escape capacity of the Omicron variants and the potential outbreak of a new round of epidemics, it is imperative to develop a new generation of mucosal immune vaccines to prevent infection, which is mainly transmitted through the respiratory tract, along with its severe and fatal consequences. Probiotics have not only been used as safe raw materials for fermented foods but have also been developed as oral or nasal vaccine vectors for various pathogens in recent years, showing good mucosal and systemic immune effects in animals or humans. Although the antigen delivery technology based on protein anchoring on the surface of probiotics is rarely applied to COVID-19, probiotic-based vaccines aim at a new development direction for COVID-19 vaccines with low cost, high safety, and potential mucosal immune programs. In this review, we will discuss in detail the feasibility, advantages, and possible limitations of probiotics as a mucosal immune vaccine vector, which will be conducive to coping with the current situation of COVID-19.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic of infectious disease characterized by significant morbidity, symptomatic manifestations, and severe outcomes. Vaccines have proven to be an effective means of impeding the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and have been widely employed globally. Despite breakthroughs such as mRNA vaccine, intramuscular COVID-19 vaccine still faces numerous chanllenges, such as failure to completely avoid infections, high cost, and difficult transport conditions. The mucosa is the primary site through which SARS-CoV-2 invades the body and may induce effective immune responses. In the face of the increasing immune escape capacity of the Omicron variants and the potential outbreak of a new round of epidemics, it is imperative to develop a new generation of mucosal immune vaccines to prevent infection, which is mainly transmitted through the respiratory tract, along with its severe and fatal consequences. Probiotics have not only been used as safe raw materials for fermented foods but have also been developed as oral or nasal vaccine vectors for various pathogens in recent years, showing good mucosal and systemic immune effects in animals or humans. Although the antigen delivery technology based on protein anchoring on the surface of probiotics is rarely applied to COVID-19, probiotic-based vaccines aim at a new development direction for COVID-19 vaccines with low cost, high safety, and potential mucosal immune programs. In this review, we will discuss in detail the feasibility, advantages, and possible limitations of probiotics as a mucosal immune vaccine vector, which will be conducive to coping with the current situation of COVID-19.
2023(3):1-6.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.371403
Abstract:
Objective: To determine the urinary tract infections (UTIs)-causing bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern for the proper and complete treatment of UTIs in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: We collected 300 urine samples from diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant women at various gestational ages. After isolating and identifying uropathogens, we conducted an antibiotic sensitivity assay against fourteen commonly used antibiotics: amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, azithromycin, cefixime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, levofloxacin, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin. Results: Among the participants, 70% had DM but only 37.3% had positive uropathogen growth. Five gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., and Pseudomonas spp.) and 3 gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp.) were indentified. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent bacteria (57.1%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (19.6%). In the antibiotic susceptibility assay, we found 96.5% of the isolated organisms were highly susceptible to levofloxacin, 94.2% to netilmicin, 88.2% to nitrofurantoin, 85.1% to amikacin, 79.8% to gentamicin, respectively. On the other hand, 64.8%, 63.6%, 61.8% of the isolates demonstrated high-level resistance to ampicillin, ceftazidime and amoxicillin whereas 38.0%, 37.1%, 33.6%, 30.9% and 30.0% of the organisms were resistant to co-trimoxazole, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, cefixime, respectivey. Conclusions: Our results suggest that amikacin, levofloxacin, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin, and gentamycin can be used as first-line treatments for UTIs, whether the patient has DM or not. Contrarily, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, azithromycin, and co-trimoxazole should be avoided in treating UTIs.
Objective: To determine the urinary tract infections (UTIs)-causing bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern for the proper and complete treatment of UTIs in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: We collected 300 urine samples from diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant women at various gestational ages. After isolating and identifying uropathogens, we conducted an antibiotic sensitivity assay against fourteen commonly used antibiotics: amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, azithromycin, cefixime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, levofloxacin, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin. Results: Among the participants, 70% had DM but only 37.3% had positive uropathogen growth. Five gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., and Pseudomonas spp.) and 3 gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp.) were indentified. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent bacteria (57.1%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (19.6%). In the antibiotic susceptibility assay, we found 96.5% of the isolated organisms were highly susceptible to levofloxacin, 94.2% to netilmicin, 88.2% to nitrofurantoin, 85.1% to amikacin, 79.8% to gentamicin, respectively. On the other hand, 64.8%, 63.6%, 61.8% of the isolates demonstrated high-level resistance to ampicillin, ceftazidime and amoxicillin whereas 38.0%, 37.1%, 33.6%, 30.9% and 30.0% of the organisms were resistant to co-trimoxazole, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, cefixime, respectivey. Conclusions: Our results suggest that amikacin, levofloxacin, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin, and gentamycin can be used as first-line treatments for UTIs, whether the patient has DM or not. Contrarily, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, azithromycin, and co-trimoxazole should be avoided in treating UTIs.
Abdul-Azeez A. Anjorin
,
Gideon O. Moronkeji
,
Goodness O. Temenu
,
Omolade A. Maiyegun
,
Christopher O. Fakorede
,
Samuel O. Ajoseh
,
Wasiu O. Salam
,
Rebecca O. Abeguninr
,
Kehinde O. Amisu
,
Kabiru O. Akinyemi
2023(3):1-7.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.387694
Abstract:
Objective: To carrry out molecular surveillance of influenza D virus (IDV) in cattle in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: Prospective epidemiological investigation was initiated in a large commercial farm market where animals in open pens were reared, sold, and butchered under poor hygienic conditions without adequate biosecurity measures. A total of 80 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from cattle between October and November 2021. The samples were extracted using an RNA purification kit (NIMR). RNA extracts were amplified following a two-step PCR using FIREScript RT cDNA synthesis kit (Solis Biodyne, Estonia), followed by PCR OneTaq Quick-load 2X master-mix (NEB, UK) in a Rotor-Gene thermocycler (Qiagen, Germany). Amplicons were detected using a 1.5% Gel electrophoresis. Results: In total, 32.5% (26/80) IDV was detected in cattle. Sick animals showed higher burden of IDV with 65.4% (17/26) than 34.6% (9/26) in a healthy population, including 88.2% (15/17) cattle with diarrhoea and 11.8% (2/17) with nausea having IDV. An incidence of 69.2% (18/26) by sex was recorded in bull, which was more than twice compared to 30.7% (8/26) in cow. Age prevalence showed 62.2% (18/26), the highest detection in cattle of four years old, followed by 23.1% (6/26) in five years old, while the lowest 7.7% (2/26) was recorded in three years old. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first molecular detection of IDV in Nigeria and West Africa sub-region. It underscores the need for continuous surveillance of IDV at the animal-human interface.
Objective: To carrry out molecular surveillance of influenza D virus (IDV) in cattle in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: Prospective epidemiological investigation was initiated in a large commercial farm market where animals in open pens were reared, sold, and butchered under poor hygienic conditions without adequate biosecurity measures. A total of 80 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from cattle between October and November 2021. The samples were extracted using an RNA purification kit (NIMR). RNA extracts were amplified following a two-step PCR using FIREScript RT cDNA synthesis kit (Solis Biodyne, Estonia), followed by PCR OneTaq Quick-load 2X master-mix (NEB, UK) in a Rotor-Gene thermocycler (Qiagen, Germany). Amplicons were detected using a 1.5% Gel electrophoresis. Results: In total, 32.5% (26/80) IDV was detected in cattle. Sick animals showed higher burden of IDV with 65.4% (17/26) than 34.6% (9/26) in a healthy population, including 88.2% (15/17) cattle with diarrhoea and 11.8% (2/17) with nausea having IDV. An incidence of 69.2% (18/26) by sex was recorded in bull, which was more than twice compared to 30.7% (8/26) in cow. Age prevalence showed 62.2% (18/26), the highest detection in cattle of four years old, followed by 23.1% (6/26) in five years old, while the lowest 7.7% (2/26) was recorded in three years old. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first molecular detection of IDV in Nigeria and West Africa sub-region. It underscores the need for continuous surveillance of IDV at the animal-human interface.
Maryloveth Oluchukwu Akpudo
,
Dominic Agbo Oche
,
Peter Adikwu
,
Augustine Ameh Agbo
,
Cecilia Towobola Atolagbe
,
Olanrewaju Jimoh
,
Busayo Olalekan Olayinka
2023(3):1-8.
DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.390950
Abstract:
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of rifampicin resistance among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (MRSA) isolates obtained from patients in two health facilities at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Methods: A total of 200 non-duplicate presumptive Staphylococcal isolates were collected from the health facilities. The isolates were confirmed using mannitol salt agar, and biochemical tests were performed to identify S. aureus . The confirmed S. aureus isolates underwent antibiotic susceptibility tests, and the results were interpreted according to the guidelines provided by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to investigate virulence and antibiotic resistance determinant, such as Spa , mecA , and rpoB . Results: This study revealed a S. aureus isolation rate of 22 (11.0%), and 18.2% of these S. aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant, with the highest prevalence of resistance (9.1%) found in wound swab. The results further showed that 75.0% of the MRSA isolates were resistant to rifampicin. The molecular analysis showed that all the isolates carried the virulence gene (Spa ), with a prevalence of 10.0% for mecA and 20.0% for rpoB genes, respectively. Conclusions: This study underscores the prevalence of rifampicin resistance among MRSA isolates in medical centers, advocating for the development of alternative strategies to combat the current trends in antibiotic resistance and control of rifampicin-resistant MRSA.
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of rifampicin resistance among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (MRSA) isolates obtained from patients in two health facilities at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Methods: A total of 200 non-duplicate presumptive Staphylococcal isolates were collected from the health facilities. The isolates were confirmed using mannitol salt agar, and biochemical tests were performed to identify S. aureus . The confirmed S. aureus isolates underwent antibiotic susceptibility tests, and the results were interpreted according to the guidelines provided by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to investigate virulence and antibiotic resistance determinant, such as Spa , mecA , and rpoB . Results: This study revealed a S. aureus isolation rate of 22 (11.0%), and 18.2% of these S. aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant, with the highest prevalence of resistance (9.1%) found in wound swab. The results further showed that 75.0% of the MRSA isolates were resistant to rifampicin. The molecular analysis showed that all the isolates carried the virulence gene (Spa ), with a prevalence of 10.0% for mecA and 20.0% for rpoB genes, respectively. Conclusions: This study underscores the prevalence of rifampicin resistance among MRSA isolates in medical centers, advocating for the development of alternative strategies to combat the current trends in antibiotic resistance and control of rifampicin-resistant MRSA.
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