One Health Bulletin
Issue 3,2024 Table of Contents
2024(3):93-99.
DOI: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_12_24
Abstract:
Childhood vaccine coverage rates are not optimal for controlling vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs), as outbreaks of VPDs occur from time to time globally. To address this gap, many countries have enacted and strengthened childhood vaccination programs, which are often mandatory. Mandatory vaccination programs are often controversial because they may reduce or eliminate individual choice. A standard approach for evaluating the mandatory vaccination program is not available. Vaccine types, target age groups, program rigidity, incentives or penalties, enforcement, and compensation mechanism for adverse events following immunization vary across the world. This article reviewed the mandatory childhood vaccination, and presented examples to illustrate the variations among different programs, outcomes, and key considerations when contemplating these programs. Before implementing mandatory childhood vaccination programs, it is critical to ensure financial sustainability, a steady supply of vaccines, equitable access for all target population, and tailored implementation to fit the local culture and context.
Childhood vaccine coverage rates are not optimal for controlling vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs), as outbreaks of VPDs occur from time to time globally. To address this gap, many countries have enacted and strengthened childhood vaccination programs, which are often mandatory. Mandatory vaccination programs are often controversial because they may reduce or eliminate individual choice. A standard approach for evaluating the mandatory vaccination program is not available. Vaccine types, target age groups, program rigidity, incentives or penalties, enforcement, and compensation mechanism for adverse events following immunization vary across the world. This article reviewed the mandatory childhood vaccination, and presented examples to illustrate the variations among different programs, outcomes, and key considerations when contemplating these programs. Before implementing mandatory childhood vaccination programs, it is critical to ensure financial sustainability, a steady supply of vaccines, equitable access for all target population, and tailored implementation to fit the local culture and context.
Cokorda Agung Wahyu Purnamasidhi
,
Darren Junior
,
Giovanca Verentzia Purnama
,
Richard Christian Suteja
,
I Komang Hotra Adiputra
,
Putu Kintan Wulandari
,
I Gusti Ngurah Ariestha Satya Diksha
2024(3):100-103.
DOI: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_15_24
Abstract:
disease with various possible transmission routes. Currently, it is a reemerging disease being monitored by the World Health Organization (WHO) after a surge of reported cases in several non-endemic countries in May 2022 and August 2023. This study probes into the issue of whether mpox should or should not be concerned as a potential threat during and after the current COVID-19 pandemic. Literature reviews were conducted using PubMed, DOAJ, and Cochrane to understand and synthesize more information on the virulence and lethality of mpox. The keywords used included “monkeypox”, “outbreak”, “reemerging infectious disease”, “southeast asia”, “smallpox”, “sars cov”, and “transmission”, which were all associated with the Boolean operators “AND” and “OR”. A total of 30 articles acquired from various journals and international official websites were included in this study. The sudden outbreaks across the Asia-Pacific region may be attributed to countries lifting their travel restrictions. Studies have shown that mpox has similar transmission routes to COVID-19 and manifests similar symptoms to smallpox. However, mpox needs prolonged contact for its transmission and has a lower case fatality rate (CFR). Several studies highlighted that current outbreaks have different epidemiological and clinical characteristics from classic cases. Mpox is not as highly transmissible as COVID-19 and not as severe as smallpox, but it still poses a potential threat to human health and needs further observation and immediate containment to prevent further transmission worldwide. The preparation of smallpox vaccination in case of emergency and further clinical trials of smallpox drugs are recommended.
disease with various possible transmission routes. Currently, it is a reemerging disease being monitored by the World Health Organization (WHO) after a surge of reported cases in several non-endemic countries in May 2022 and August 2023. This study probes into the issue of whether mpox should or should not be concerned as a potential threat during and after the current COVID-19 pandemic. Literature reviews were conducted using PubMed, DOAJ, and Cochrane to understand and synthesize more information on the virulence and lethality of mpox. The keywords used included “monkeypox”, “outbreak”, “reemerging infectious disease”, “southeast asia”, “smallpox”, “sars cov”, and “transmission”, which were all associated with the Boolean operators “AND” and “OR”. A total of 30 articles acquired from various journals and international official websites were included in this study. The sudden outbreaks across the Asia-Pacific region may be attributed to countries lifting their travel restrictions. Studies have shown that mpox has similar transmission routes to COVID-19 and manifests similar symptoms to smallpox. However, mpox needs prolonged contact for its transmission and has a lower case fatality rate (CFR). Several studies highlighted that current outbreaks have different epidemiological and clinical characteristics from classic cases. Mpox is not as highly transmissible as COVID-19 and not as severe as smallpox, but it still poses a potential threat to human health and needs further observation and immediate containment to prevent further transmission worldwide. The preparation of smallpox vaccination in case of emergency and further clinical trials of smallpox drugs are recommended.
2024(3):104-109.
DOI: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_18_24
Abstract:
Interdisciplinary approaches are increasingly recognized as crucial for strengthening and integrating health systems. The implementation within One Health framework needs more guidelines for successful execution. Microplastics have become a growing environmental concern, as they are collectively found in all environmental sectors. Microplastics pose risks to crops, plants, animals, wildlife and human due to the persistence and bio-accumulative properties. Microplastics are directly and indirectly associated with climate change, not only threatening food security but also leading to the novel distribution of species that may transmit new pathogens. This article focused on the ubiquitous presence of microplastics in One Health, highlighting the necessity for further research and implementation efforts.
Interdisciplinary approaches are increasingly recognized as crucial for strengthening and integrating health systems. The implementation within One Health framework needs more guidelines for successful execution. Microplastics have become a growing environmental concern, as they are collectively found in all environmental sectors. Microplastics pose risks to crops, plants, animals, wildlife and human due to the persistence and bio-accumulative properties. Microplastics are directly and indirectly associated with climate change, not only threatening food security but also leading to the novel distribution of species that may transmit new pathogens. This article focused on the ubiquitous presence of microplastics in One Health, highlighting the necessity for further research and implementation efforts.
4 Ethnomedicinal survey of anti-urolithiatic medicinal plants used in the region of Mascara, Algeria
2024(3):110-116.
DOI: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_8_24
Abstract:
Objective: To conduct an ethnomedicinal survey and conserve traditional medicinal practices in the Mascara region of northwestern Algeria. In this region, traditional medicinal knowledge has primarily been transmitted orally, and the study aims to document it in written form for better utilization in the field of pharmacology. Methods: Purposive sampling with semi-structured questionnaires was adopted with ethnobotanical data obtained from 135 local informants, including 22 herbalists. The study participants were asked about their sociodemographic profiles and ethnomedicinal knowledge about anti-urolithiatic medicinal plants. Results: Sixty-three anti-urolithiatic species belonging to 59 genera and 32 families were inventoried. All plants are prescribed orally, and decoction presents the most common preparation method (46.0%). Seeds are the most used parts (27.0%). The most frequent botanical families were Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, and Rosaceae. The predominant anti-urolithiatic plants are Herniaria hirsute L., Hordeum vulgare L., Linum usitatissimum L., Zea mays L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., and Apium graveolens L. Conclusions: This study highlights the diversity of the phytotherapeutic practices used against urolithiasis in the region of Mascara. It also suggests that ethnomedicine is well-entrenched in local health practices in this area. However, this knowledge acquired by the local inhabitants over the centuries risks disappearing since it is mainly held by older people and is not documented.
Objective: To conduct an ethnomedicinal survey and conserve traditional medicinal practices in the Mascara region of northwestern Algeria. In this region, traditional medicinal knowledge has primarily been transmitted orally, and the study aims to document it in written form for better utilization in the field of pharmacology. Methods: Purposive sampling with semi-structured questionnaires was adopted with ethnobotanical data obtained from 135 local informants, including 22 herbalists. The study participants were asked about their sociodemographic profiles and ethnomedicinal knowledge about anti-urolithiatic medicinal plants. Results: Sixty-three anti-urolithiatic species belonging to 59 genera and 32 families were inventoried. All plants are prescribed orally, and decoction presents the most common preparation method (46.0%). Seeds are the most used parts (27.0%). The most frequent botanical families were Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, and Rosaceae. The predominant anti-urolithiatic plants are Herniaria hirsute L., Hordeum vulgare L., Linum usitatissimum L., Zea mays L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., and Apium graveolens L. Conclusions: This study highlights the diversity of the phytotherapeutic practices used against urolithiasis in the region of Mascara. It also suggests that ethnomedicine is well-entrenched in local health practices in this area. However, this knowledge acquired by the local inhabitants over the centuries risks disappearing since it is mainly held by older people and is not documented.
2024(3):117-123.
DOI: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_11_24
Abstract:
Objective: To determine the antibiotic resistance patterns and resistance genes in enterococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from poultry farms and nearby wells in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: Poultry litter and well water samples were collected from three farms. Isolation of bacterial isolates were done using bile esculin azide agar and presumptive identification was done using conventional methods and confirmed by 16S rRNA using PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was by disk diffusion method, while antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs) was detected by PCR. Results: Of the 86 Gram-positive cocci isolated, 71 (82.6%) were CoNS comprising Staphylococcus (S.) sciuri (69.0%) and S. xylosus (31.0%), while the remaining 15 (17.4%) were Enterococcus spp. comprising Enterococcus (E.) faecalis (60.0%) and E. faecium (40.0%). Antibiotics resistance of the isolates showed that 91.5% (CoNS) and 93.0% (enterococci) were resistant to penicillin, 90.1% and 86.7% to tetracycline and 94.4% and 66.7% to erythromycin, respectively. Also, all the 15 (100%) Enterococcus spp. and 68 (95.8%) CoNS were multidrug resistant. The ARGs detected in the CoNS include: tetM (45.4%), tetL (9.0%) and ermB (27.3%), while tetM (9.1%), tetL (4.5%) and ermB (4.5%) were found in Enterococcus spp. Conclusions: This study revealed that poultry litters in the study area are pools of antimicrobial resistant enterococci and CoNS, as well as, the corresponding ARGs. Therefore, necessary monitoring and ample treatment of poultry waste should be done before their release into the environment.
Objective: To determine the antibiotic resistance patterns and resistance genes in enterococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from poultry farms and nearby wells in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: Poultry litter and well water samples were collected from three farms. Isolation of bacterial isolates were done using bile esculin azide agar and presumptive identification was done using conventional methods and confirmed by 16S rRNA using PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was by disk diffusion method, while antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs) was detected by PCR. Results: Of the 86 Gram-positive cocci isolated, 71 (82.6%) were CoNS comprising Staphylococcus (S.) sciuri (69.0%) and S. xylosus (31.0%), while the remaining 15 (17.4%) were Enterococcus spp. comprising Enterococcus (E.) faecalis (60.0%) and E. faecium (40.0%). Antibiotics resistance of the isolates showed that 91.5% (CoNS) and 93.0% (enterococci) were resistant to penicillin, 90.1% and 86.7% to tetracycline and 94.4% and 66.7% to erythromycin, respectively. Also, all the 15 (100%) Enterococcus spp. and 68 (95.8%) CoNS were multidrug resistant. The ARGs detected in the CoNS include: tetM (45.4%), tetL (9.0%) and ermB (27.3%), while tetM (9.1%), tetL (4.5%) and ermB (4.5%) were found in Enterococcus spp. Conclusions: This study revealed that poultry litters in the study area are pools of antimicrobial resistant enterococci and CoNS, as well as, the corresponding ARGs. Therefore, necessary monitoring and ample treatment of poultry waste should be done before their release into the environment.
2024(3):124-132.
DOI: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_16_24
Abstract:
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits. Methods: A total of 30 White New Zealand rabbits of both sexes, aged 4-6 weeks and weighing 600-700 g, were divided into three groups. The first group of rabbits received probiotics (100 mg/L) in drinking water for 12 days, while the second group of rabbits served as a positive control. Both groups were challenged with 1 × 105 Eimeria stiedae oocysts. The third group of uninfected rabbits served as the negative control. The effects of probiotic treatment on fecal oocysts output, body growth gain, liver enzymes, red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, packed cell volume, lymphocytes count and histopathological lesions were observed. Results: Compared to the positive control, rabbits treated with probiotics exhibited no diarrhea or mortality, and there was a significant reduction in fecal oocysts output. Additionally, body growth gain was significantly higher in probiotic-treated rabbits compared to the positive control. Furthermore, liver enzymes and white blood cell counts were decreased in treated rabbits, while red blood cells, hemoglobin, packed cell volume and lymphocyte count were elevated. Severe histopathological lesions were observed in the bile ducts and hepatic parenchyma of positive control rabbits compared to probiotic-treated and negative control groups. The study findings were statistically significant, with P values ranging from less than 0.001 to less than 0.05. Conclusions: Probiotics significantly improve the health performance of rabbits with hepatic coccidiosis by reducing pathological changes and stabilizing hematological parameters. Additionally, this product maintains substantial normal liver enzymes levels in infected rabbits, making it a safe and effective treatment for hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits. Methods: A total of 30 White New Zealand rabbits of both sexes, aged 4-6 weeks and weighing 600-700 g, were divided into three groups. The first group of rabbits received probiotics (100 mg/L) in drinking water for 12 days, while the second group of rabbits served as a positive control. Both groups were challenged with 1 × 105 Eimeria stiedae oocysts. The third group of uninfected rabbits served as the negative control. The effects of probiotic treatment on fecal oocysts output, body growth gain, liver enzymes, red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, packed cell volume, lymphocytes count and histopathological lesions were observed. Results: Compared to the positive control, rabbits treated with probiotics exhibited no diarrhea or mortality, and there was a significant reduction in fecal oocysts output. Additionally, body growth gain was significantly higher in probiotic-treated rabbits compared to the positive control. Furthermore, liver enzymes and white blood cell counts were decreased in treated rabbits, while red blood cells, hemoglobin, packed cell volume and lymphocyte count were elevated. Severe histopathological lesions were observed in the bile ducts and hepatic parenchyma of positive control rabbits compared to probiotic-treated and negative control groups. The study findings were statistically significant, with P values ranging from less than 0.001 to less than 0.05. Conclusions: Probiotics significantly improve the health performance of rabbits with hepatic coccidiosis by reducing pathological changes and stabilizing hematological parameters. Additionally, this product maintains substantial normal liver enzymes levels in infected rabbits, making it a safe and effective treatment for hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits.
2024(3):133-138.
DOI: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_23_24
Abstract:
Objective: This study aims to assess the mental well-being and factors that influence medical personnel engaged in safeguarding tasks at medical observation and isolation sites amid COVID-19 prevention efforts in Qingpu District, Shanghai. The findings will provide evidence to inform the development of effective preventive strategies. Methods: A survey employing the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and a custom basic information questionnaire was conducted among medical personnel stationed at medical observation isolation sites in Qingpu District, Shanghai, during COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Out of the 379 medical personnel surveyed, 132 individuals (34.8%) exhibited symptoms of anxiety, while 252 individuals (66.5%) reported sleep disorders. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that sex (OR=2.44, 95%CI: 1.28-4.65) and living with elderly (OR=1.64, 95%CI: 1.03-2.62) significantly affected the anxiety levels among healthcare workers. Although five variables including age, marital status, professional title, living with children, and living with elderly were examined for their impact on sleep quality, none of these factors showed statistically significant differences. Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety symptoms and sleep disorders among medical personnel stationed at medical observation isolation sites varied based on sex, age, marital status, education level, professional title, and living arrangements. These findings underscore the importance of addressing these concerns and implementing measures to enhance and alleviate anxiety and sleep disorders among medical personnel in isolation settings.
Objective: This study aims to assess the mental well-being and factors that influence medical personnel engaged in safeguarding tasks at medical observation and isolation sites amid COVID-19 prevention efforts in Qingpu District, Shanghai. The findings will provide evidence to inform the development of effective preventive strategies. Methods: A survey employing the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and a custom basic information questionnaire was conducted among medical personnel stationed at medical observation isolation sites in Qingpu District, Shanghai, during COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Out of the 379 medical personnel surveyed, 132 individuals (34.8%) exhibited symptoms of anxiety, while 252 individuals (66.5%) reported sleep disorders. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that sex (OR=2.44, 95%CI: 1.28-4.65) and living with elderly (OR=1.64, 95%CI: 1.03-2.62) significantly affected the anxiety levels among healthcare workers. Although five variables including age, marital status, professional title, living with children, and living with elderly were examined for their impact on sleep quality, none of these factors showed statistically significant differences. Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety symptoms and sleep disorders among medical personnel stationed at medical observation isolation sites varied based on sex, age, marital status, education level, professional title, and living arrangements. These findings underscore the importance of addressing these concerns and implementing measures to enhance and alleviate anxiety and sleep disorders among medical personnel in isolation settings.
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