One Health Bulletin
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- Textual analysis on One Health development and practice
- Viral zoonoses at the human-animal interface in southern Africa: A systematic review
- Detection and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental samples in Gaza, Palestine: A combined parasitological and molecular approach
- Chikungunya fever outbreak: Addressing globle public health challenge through One Health approaches
- Anti-onchocercal properties of three medicinal plants against Onchocerca ochengi
- Genetic resistance factors and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates of animals and humans
- Ending future pandemics: An expert panel discussion
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Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Journal editors visited Press office
Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Journal editors visited Press office
Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Journal editors visited Press office
One Health Bulletin editorial office attended the 5th Forum of Tropical Medicine, Tropical Medicine Alliance
One Health Bulletin editorial office attended the 5th Forum of Tropical Medicine, Tropical Medicine Alliance
The Editor-in-Chief of Cell Research and Cell Discovery share insights
One Health Research Foundation chairman engaged in scholarly dialogue at Press office
One Health Research Foundation chairman engaged in scholarly dialogue at Press office
Editorial team joined the 2022 National Forum on Development of Tropical Medicine Journals
Dr. Dirk Engels serves as the Deputy Editor-in-Chief of One Health Bulletin
Dr. Dirk Engels serves as the Deputy Editor-in-Chief of One Health Bulletin
Dr. Dirk Engels serves as the Deputy Editor-in-Chief of One Health Bulletin
Thoracic Cancer Editorial Director visited the Press office for academic exchange
One Health Bulletin editorial team joined Inaugural Wildlife Diseases Symposium
Editorial team attended the Second Belt and Road Tropical Medical Alliance (BRTMA) Forum
Editorial team attended the Second Belt and Road Tropical Medical Alliance (BRTMA) Forum
Editorial team attended the Second Belt and Road Tropical Medical Alliance (BRTMA) Forum
Prof. Marcel Tanner joins the Editorial Board of One Health Bulletin
Prof. Marcel Tanner joins the Editorial Board of One Health Bulletin
Prof. Marcel Tanner joins the Editorial Board of One Health Bulletin
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2026,2,1, DOI: doi: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_11_25
Abstract:
Objective: To understand the application and research hotspots of One Health in the development of global public health, summarize and refine experiences from successful practice cases of One Health, reflect on the existing problems and shortcomings in China's current practice, and put forward corresponding suggestions and countermeasures, providing insights for improving the practice strategy of One Health in China and the development of public health. Methods: A two-dimensional analytical framework was established based on the dimensions of One Health classification and research hotspots. Content analysis was used to analyze 49 case texts and 214 pieces of content related to the development and practice of One Health. Results: In the One Health content classification in the X dimension, animal health was the most studied, followed by human health, while environmental health was the least studied, accounting for 42.52%, 35.51% and 21.96%, respectively. In the research hotspots of the Y dimension, emerging infectious diseases accounted for the highest proportion (37.38%), followed by zoonotic diseases (36.45%), antibiotic abuse (14.49%), and food safety problems accounted for relatively lower proportion (11.68%). In the two-dimensional coupled analysis, practices related to animal health were imbalanced, with exploration related to zoonosis being the most common (22.90%), and those related to antibiotic resistance being the least (1.87%). Practices related to emerging infectious diseases accounted for the greatest proportion (18.22%) in population health studies, while food safety problems accounted for the smallest proportion (3.74%). The practices and exploration of environmental health were more balanced. Conclusions: In future One Health practices, multi-departmental, cross-field and multi-disciplinary participation should be established with leadership and organization. A rapid, rich and accurate information sharing platform should be enhanced to address the imbalance in the overall structure of One Health research and improve the two-dimensional coupling degree of specific research in the One Health field.
Objective: To understand the application and research hotspots of One Health in the development of global public health, summarize and refine experiences from successful practice cases of One Health, reflect on the existing problems and shortcomings in China's current practice, and put forward corresponding suggestions and countermeasures, providing insights for improving the practice strategy of One Health in China and the development of public health. Methods: A two-dimensional analytical framework was established based on the dimensions of One Health classification and research hotspots. Content analysis was used to analyze 49 case texts and 214 pieces of content related to the development and practice of One Health. Results: In the One Health content classification in the X dimension, animal health was the most studied, followed by human health, while environmental health was the least studied, accounting for 42.52%, 35.51% and 21.96%, respectively. In the research hotspots of the Y dimension, emerging infectious diseases accounted for the highest proportion (37.38%), followed by zoonotic diseases (36.45%), antibiotic abuse (14.49%), and food safety problems accounted for relatively lower proportion (11.68%). In the two-dimensional coupled analysis, practices related to animal health were imbalanced, with exploration related to zoonosis being the most common (22.90%), and those related to antibiotic resistance being the least (1.87%). Practices related to emerging infectious diseases accounted for the greatest proportion (18.22%) in population health studies, while food safety problems accounted for the smallest proportion (3.74%). The practices and exploration of environmental health were more balanced. Conclusions: In future One Health practices, multi-departmental, cross-field and multi-disciplinary participation should be established with leadership and organization. A rapid, rich and accurate information sharing platform should be enhanced to address the imbalance in the overall structure of One Health research and improve the two-dimensional coupling degree of specific research in the One Health field.
2026,2,2, DOI: doi:10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_22_25
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2026,2,3, DOI: doi: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_28_25
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Objective: To examine the incidence of foodborne and waterborne diseases as well as the relationship between the sources of outbreaks and the method of drinking water supply with the initial symptoms of the disease in Fars province of Iran from 2020 to 2023. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed 630 confirmed outbreaks reported to health centers within the jurisdiction of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences from March 2020 to March 2023. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 22. Results: Totally 630 outbreaks were reported, affecting 2 363 primary cases with 190 hospitalizations from 2020 to 2023. The highest incidence of the outbreaks by year and month was reported in 2022 (n=266, 42.2%) and in April (n=77, 12.2%). The main source of infection in the outbreak was food with 426 (67.6%) cases, with food poisoning syndrome being the most common symptom observed (n=435, 69.0%). Besides, the causative agent of 461 (73.1%) outbreaks was unknown and 56 (8.9%) was salmonellosis. Additionally, relationship between source of outbreak and the method of drinking water supply with primary symptoms of the disease was statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusions: This study found that the cause of most outbreaks is unknown, with transmission occurring through food, which leads to the hospitalization of many individuals. The findings can help officials and the public increase awareness, implement stricter monitoring of water and food safety, and ultimately reduce the burden of disease.
Objective: To examine the incidence of foodborne and waterborne diseases as well as the relationship between the sources of outbreaks and the method of drinking water supply with the initial symptoms of the disease in Fars province of Iran from 2020 to 2023. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed 630 confirmed outbreaks reported to health centers within the jurisdiction of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences from March 2020 to March 2023. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 22. Results: Totally 630 outbreaks were reported, affecting 2 363 primary cases with 190 hospitalizations from 2020 to 2023. The highest incidence of the outbreaks by year and month was reported in 2022 (n=266, 42.2%) and in April (n=77, 12.2%). The main source of infection in the outbreak was food with 426 (67.6%) cases, with food poisoning syndrome being the most common symptom observed (n=435, 69.0%). Besides, the causative agent of 461 (73.1%) outbreaks was unknown and 56 (8.9%) was salmonellosis. Additionally, relationship between source of outbreak and the method of drinking water supply with primary symptoms of the disease was statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusions: This study found that the cause of most outbreaks is unknown, with transmission occurring through food, which leads to the hospitalization of many individuals. The findings can help officials and the public increase awareness, implement stricter monitoring of water and food safety, and ultimately reduce the burden of disease.
2026,2,4, DOI: doi: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_35_25
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Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of colistin resistance mediated by mcr-1 in Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa isolates from clinical samples. Methods: P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from various clinical specimens and tested for colistin resistance using the broth microdilution method. Isolates exhibiting resistance underwent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening for mcr-1. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for multiple antibiotics. Results: Sixty five clinical isolates were obtained; 10 (15.4%) were phenotypically resistant to colistin, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values ranging from 4-16 μg/mL. The mcr-1 gene was detected in 4 (40.0%) colistin-resistant isolates, constituting 6.2% of all P. aeruginosa isolates. The highest resistance was observed for ceftazidime (70%), amikacin (60%), and ciprofloxacin (60%). Piperacillin-tazobactam was the most effective antibiotic, with 80% susceptibility. Conclusions: The presence of mcr-1 in P. aeruginosa isolates highlights the growing risk of colistin resistance beyond Enterobacteriaceae. Routine surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship, and molecular detection strategies are essential to curb further resistance spread.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of colistin resistance mediated by mcr-1 in Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa isolates from clinical samples. Methods: P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from various clinical specimens and tested for colistin resistance using the broth microdilution method. Isolates exhibiting resistance underwent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening for mcr-1. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for multiple antibiotics. Results: Sixty five clinical isolates were obtained; 10 (15.4%) were phenotypically resistant to colistin, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values ranging from 4-16 μg/mL. The mcr-1 gene was detected in 4 (40.0%) colistin-resistant isolates, constituting 6.2% of all P. aeruginosa isolates. The highest resistance was observed for ceftazidime (70%), amikacin (60%), and ciprofloxacin (60%). Piperacillin-tazobactam was the most effective antibiotic, with 80% susceptibility. Conclusions: The presence of mcr-1 in P. aeruginosa isolates highlights the growing risk of colistin resistance beyond Enterobacteriaceae. Routine surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship, and molecular detection strategies are essential to curb further resistance spread.
2026,2,5, DOI: doi: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_52_25
Abstract:
Objective: To collate and summarize reports of viral zoonoses occurring at the human-animal interface in Southern Africa, along with their associated risk factors. Methods: A comprehensive search was implemented in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and ProQuest databases for English language publications. The search used a combination of keywords for viral zoonoses, human-animal interface*, risk factor*, and countries in Southern Africa. The search covered the period from 1 January 2000 to 18 April 2024. Results: A total of 893 records were retrieved from the database, with 17 articles included after screening. An additional 6 articles were identified through reference list tracking, yielding a total of 23 included articles. Domestic dog bites were identified as the primary source of rabies transmission across southern Africa, with only few cases linked to jackals, mongooses, and cats. Reported exposures for Rift Valley fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, influenza, hantavirus and Wesselsbron virus were all associated with occupational activities. Conclusions: Preventive and mitigative strategies, such as dog rabies vaccination, post-exposure prophylaxis, and the use of personal protective equipment among animal workers - should be intensified across the region.
Objective: To collate and summarize reports of viral zoonoses occurring at the human-animal interface in Southern Africa, along with their associated risk factors. Methods: A comprehensive search was implemented in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and ProQuest databases for English language publications. The search used a combination of keywords for viral zoonoses, human-animal interface*, risk factor*, and countries in Southern Africa. The search covered the period from 1 January 2000 to 18 April 2024. Results: A total of 893 records were retrieved from the database, with 17 articles included after screening. An additional 6 articles were identified through reference list tracking, yielding a total of 23 included articles. Domestic dog bites were identified as the primary source of rabies transmission across southern Africa, with only few cases linked to jackals, mongooses, and cats. Reported exposures for Rift Valley fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, influenza, hantavirus and Wesselsbron virus were all associated with occupational activities. Conclusions: Preventive and mitigative strategies, such as dog rabies vaccination, post-exposure prophylaxis, and the use of personal protective equipment among animal workers - should be intensified across the region.
Samuel Nsikan Akpan, Kelvin Olutimilehin Jolayemi, Aliyu Nuhu Ahmed, Ubong Prince Offiong, Uduak Akpabio
2026,2,6, DOI: doi: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_40_25
Abstract:
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a major global health threat, heightened by extensive and often indiscriminate use of antibiotics in livestock production. In Nigeria, pig farming constitutes a significant yet underexamined pathway for the emergence and spread of AMR. This review aimed to examine the role of pig farming in the development and spread of AMR, evaluate the associated public health and economic risks, and propose evidence-based strategies to curb its spread. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online (AJOL) for studies published between January 2000 to May 2025 and in English language. Relevant publications were screened, and data were extracted on antimicrobial use patterns, resistance prevalence, and associated risk factors. Studies were synthesized narratively and comparatively to identify key trends and policy gaps. The routine administration of antibiotics for therapeutic, prophylactic, and growth-promoting purposes, coupled with insufficient veterinary oversight, inadequate biosecurity measures, and limited regulatory enforcement, has facilitated the proliferation of multidrug-resistant bacteria including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), and Enterococcus spp. The persistence of antibiotic residues in pork products further increases public health risks by increasing the incidence of treatment failures and prolonging infections in humans. Beyond the health implications, AMR in pig farming has profound economic consequences, including reduced livestock productivity, increased production costs, and potential trade restrictions. Addressing this multifaceted challenge requires stringent antibiotic regulations, enhanced veterinary regulation, improved farm hygiene, and targeted farmer education on antimicrobial stewardship. A comprehensive One Health approach integrating veterinary, environment, and public health professionals is imperative to reduce the impact of AMR locally and globally.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a major global health threat, heightened by extensive and often indiscriminate use of antibiotics in livestock production. In Nigeria, pig farming constitutes a significant yet underexamined pathway for the emergence and spread of AMR. This review aimed to examine the role of pig farming in the development and spread of AMR, evaluate the associated public health and economic risks, and propose evidence-based strategies to curb its spread. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online (AJOL) for studies published between January 2000 to May 2025 and in English language. Relevant publications were screened, and data were extracted on antimicrobial use patterns, resistance prevalence, and associated risk factors. Studies were synthesized narratively and comparatively to identify key trends and policy gaps. The routine administration of antibiotics for therapeutic, prophylactic, and growth-promoting purposes, coupled with insufficient veterinary oversight, inadequate biosecurity measures, and limited regulatory enforcement, has facilitated the proliferation of multidrug-resistant bacteria including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), and Enterococcus spp. The persistence of antibiotic residues in pork products further increases public health risks by increasing the incidence of treatment failures and prolonging infections in humans. Beyond the health implications, AMR in pig farming has profound economic consequences, including reduced livestock productivity, increased production costs, and potential trade restrictions. Addressing this multifaceted challenge requires stringent antibiotic regulations, enhanced veterinary regulation, improved farm hygiene, and targeted farmer education on antimicrobial stewardship. A comprehensive One Health approach integrating veterinary, environment, and public health professionals is imperative to reduce the impact of AMR locally and globally.
2026,2,7, DOI: doi: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_65_25
Abstract:
This review aims to highlight the importance of sustainable healthy diets that improve population health while minimizing adverse environmental impacts. A narrative review of literature from PubMed, Google Scholar, policy documents, and government reports published between 2010-2025 was conducted. Key studies on sustainable agriculture, dietary patterns, nutrition, and public health were summarized to identify trends, policy initiatives, and actionable strategies. Sustainable healthy diets should be accessible, economically feasible, safe, equitable, and culturally acceptable. Collaborative actions among stakeholders, including policy makers, researchers, and the community, are essential to ensure equitable access to nutritious foods. Adoption of sustainable agricultural practices and eco-friendly diets can improve health outcomes, reduce environmental burdens, and conserve resources for future generations. Community-wide adoption of sustainable meals can improve human health and reduce environmental impacts, protecting resources for future generations. We can secure resources for future generations by adopting sustainable agriculture techniques, which strike a balance between environmental stewardship and productivity.
This review aims to highlight the importance of sustainable healthy diets that improve population health while minimizing adverse environmental impacts. A narrative review of literature from PubMed, Google Scholar, policy documents, and government reports published between 2010-2025 was conducted. Key studies on sustainable agriculture, dietary patterns, nutrition, and public health were summarized to identify trends, policy initiatives, and actionable strategies. Sustainable healthy diets should be accessible, economically feasible, safe, equitable, and culturally acceptable. Collaborative actions among stakeholders, including policy makers, researchers, and the community, are essential to ensure equitable access to nutritious foods. Adoption of sustainable agricultural practices and eco-friendly diets can improve health outcomes, reduce environmental burdens, and conserve resources for future generations. Community-wide adoption of sustainable meals can improve human health and reduce environmental impacts, protecting resources for future generations. We can secure resources for future generations by adopting sustainable agriculture techniques, which strike a balance between environmental stewardship and productivity.
2026,2,8, DOI: doi: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_88_25
Abstract:
As China's eastern megacities face intensifying ecological and biological challenges, Shanghai has quietly taken a step toward systemic One Health governance. On July 26 2025, the Shanghai Preventive Medicine Association launched the country's first government-backed One Health Expert Committee (OHEC) [1] — a permanent cross-sector body integrating human health, animal health, and ecosystem health. The initiative responds to triple escalating threats from zoonotic and vector-borne diseases, including emerging, re-emerging, and neglected tropical infections — antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and ecosystem and climate-linked health threats. The establishment of the OHEC is a necessary and timely response to Shanghai's ongoing One Health-related efforts, which include existing but fragmented surveillance systems for zoonotic diseases, AMR monitoring in healthcare settings, and environmental health assessments. Beyond these foundational systems, Shanghai has been cultivating a broader One Health ecosystem. This includes the development of One Health as an interdisciplinary field in leading academic institutions such as Fudan University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, which offer specialized courses and research programs. Additionally, regular academic exchanges like the annual Shanghai One Health Forum have provided a platform for sustained dialogue among scientists and practitioners[2-3]. However, these initiatives have historically operated in isolation, lacking a unified coordination mechanism to address the interconnected nature of these threats effectively. “The Committee is not just a forum for dialogue. It is tasked with producing operational strategies, coordinating surveillance data, and translating scientific findings into actionable policy,” said Xiaogang Feng, Vice President and Secretary-General of the Shanghai Preventive Medicine Association, which oversees the OHEC. The OHEC is embedded within Shanghai's broader preventive health infrastructure, and its remit extends across the Yangtze River Delta — home to more than 120 million people. The region has been identified as a hotspot for zoonotic emergence, environmental degradation, and climate-linked morbidity. Reliable national and regional data illustrate the stakes: Up to 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, highlighting the urgency of collaborative governance at the human-animal-environment interface[4]. Meanwhile, to address the persistently severe challenge of AMR, the Chinese government launched the National Action Plan to Contain Antimicrobial Resistance (2022-2025) in 2022, aiming to establish a comprehensive national governance system and reduce the resistance rates of major pathogens[5]. “The OHEC represents a systemic shift from reactive disease control to proactive risk governance,” said Prof. Zhijie Zhang, OHEC Chair and epidemiologist at Fudan University. “By institutionalizing collaboration between historically siloed sectors, we aim to close critical gaps in surveillance and policy response.”
As China's eastern megacities face intensifying ecological and biological challenges, Shanghai has quietly taken a step toward systemic One Health governance. On July 26 2025, the Shanghai Preventive Medicine Association launched the country's first government-backed One Health Expert Committee (OHEC) [1] — a permanent cross-sector body integrating human health, animal health, and ecosystem health. The initiative responds to triple escalating threats from zoonotic and vector-borne diseases, including emerging, re-emerging, and neglected tropical infections — antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and ecosystem and climate-linked health threats. The establishment of the OHEC is a necessary and timely response to Shanghai's ongoing One Health-related efforts, which include existing but fragmented surveillance systems for zoonotic diseases, AMR monitoring in healthcare settings, and environmental health assessments. Beyond these foundational systems, Shanghai has been cultivating a broader One Health ecosystem. This includes the development of One Health as an interdisciplinary field in leading academic institutions such as Fudan University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, which offer specialized courses and research programs. Additionally, regular academic exchanges like the annual Shanghai One Health Forum have provided a platform for sustained dialogue among scientists and practitioners[2-3]. However, these initiatives have historically operated in isolation, lacking a unified coordination mechanism to address the interconnected nature of these threats effectively. “The Committee is not just a forum for dialogue. It is tasked with producing operational strategies, coordinating surveillance data, and translating scientific findings into actionable policy,” said Xiaogang Feng, Vice President and Secretary-General of the Shanghai Preventive Medicine Association, which oversees the OHEC. The OHEC is embedded within Shanghai's broader preventive health infrastructure, and its remit extends across the Yangtze River Delta — home to more than 120 million people. The region has been identified as a hotspot for zoonotic emergence, environmental degradation, and climate-linked morbidity. Reliable national and regional data illustrate the stakes: Up to 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, highlighting the urgency of collaborative governance at the human-animal-environment interface[4]. Meanwhile, to address the persistently severe challenge of AMR, the Chinese government launched the National Action Plan to Contain Antimicrobial Resistance (2022-2025) in 2022, aiming to establish a comprehensive national governance system and reduce the resistance rates of major pathogens[5]. “The OHEC represents a systemic shift from reactive disease control to proactive risk governance,” said Prof. Zhijie Zhang, OHEC Chair and epidemiologist at Fudan University. “By institutionalizing collaboration between historically siloed sectors, we aim to close critical gaps in surveillance and policy response.”
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2021,1,1, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.329022
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2023,3,2, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.363564
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Objective: This study aimed to determine the carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes in third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCR) Escherichia (E.) coli from frequently contacted surfaces, wastewater and disinfectant-cleaning solutions of selected healthcare institutions in South-western Nigeria. Methods: Samples were collected over three months for the isolation of 3GCR E. coli on MacConkey agar containing 6 μg/mL of cefotaxime. 3GCR E. coli isolates were identified by detection of uidA gene and susceptibility to selected antibiotics was performed using disc-diffusion method. Detection of ESBL genes was done using primer-specific PCR. Results: A total of 22 ESBL-producing E. coli (11 each from the frequently contacted surfaces and wastewater) were obtained from the pool of 3GCR isolates in this study. No isolate was recovered from the disinfectant-cleaning solution. All the ESBL-producing E. coli obtained from the frequently contacted surfaces and wastewater were multidrug resistant, with complete resistance observed to ampicillin, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, tetracycline and ertapenem. The ESBL genotyping showed that 54.5% carried blaCTX-M , 63.6% carried blaTEM and 9.1% carried blaSHV in isolates from the frequently contacted surfaces, while 63.6%, 9.1% and 18.2% carried blaCTX-M , blaTEM and blaSHV , respectively, in the isolates obtained from the wastewater. Conclusions: This study showed a high burden of multidrug resistance E. coli on frequently contacted surfaces and wastewater of the studied healthcare institutions, indicating the need for good hygiene and proper mitigation measures to prevent potential public health and environmental challenges.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes in third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCR) Escherichia (E.) coli from frequently contacted surfaces, wastewater and disinfectant-cleaning solutions of selected healthcare institutions in South-western Nigeria. Methods: Samples were collected over three months for the isolation of 3GCR E. coli on MacConkey agar containing 6 μg/mL of cefotaxime. 3GCR E. coli isolates were identified by detection of uidA gene and susceptibility to selected antibiotics was performed using disc-diffusion method. Detection of ESBL genes was done using primer-specific PCR. Results: A total of 22 ESBL-producing E. coli (11 each from the frequently contacted surfaces and wastewater) were obtained from the pool of 3GCR isolates in this study. No isolate was recovered from the disinfectant-cleaning solution. All the ESBL-producing E. coli obtained from the frequently contacted surfaces and wastewater were multidrug resistant, with complete resistance observed to ampicillin, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, tetracycline and ertapenem. The ESBL genotyping showed that 54.5% carried blaCTX-M , 63.6% carried blaTEM and 9.1% carried blaSHV in isolates from the frequently contacted surfaces, while 63.6%, 9.1% and 18.2% carried blaCTX-M , blaTEM and blaSHV , respectively, in the isolates obtained from the wastewater. Conclusions: This study showed a high burden of multidrug resistance E. coli on frequently contacted surfaces and wastewater of the studied healthcare institutions, indicating the need for good hygiene and proper mitigation measures to prevent potential public health and environmental challenges.
2023,3,3, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.389607
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Infectious diseases remain a serious concern all over the world due to its significant impact on public health and economic stability. About 30 new causative organisms have been discovered over the past few decades, most of which are zoonotic in origins. Thus, infectious diseases are now posing a never-ending challenge to human civilisation. As a result, constant awareness along with adoption of effective strategies to control infectious disease spread has now become crucial. This review gives valuable information on diseases that emerge and re-emerge every now and then. The paper also highlights challenges related to tackling of infectious diseases in present scenario and significance of employing strategies for effective control in near future against various deadly infectious diseases like COVID-19.
Infectious diseases remain a serious concern all over the world due to its significant impact on public health and economic stability. About 30 new causative organisms have been discovered over the past few decades, most of which are zoonotic in origins. Thus, infectious diseases are now posing a never-ending challenge to human civilisation. As a result, constant awareness along with adoption of effective strategies to control infectious disease spread has now become crucial. This review gives valuable information on diseases that emerge and re-emerge every now and then. The paper also highlights challenges related to tackling of infectious diseases in present scenario and significance of employing strategies for effective control in near future against various deadly infectious diseases like COVID-19.
2023,3,4, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.378589
Abstract:
Objective: : To determine the potential risk factor of COVID-19 severity and length of hospitalization, the association between multiple antibiotics administration and the risk of severe COVID-19. Methods: :A case-control study of 58 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (the case group) and 120 non-hospitalized home isolated COVID-19 patients (the control group) was conducted. Data were collected using hospital medical records and verbal questionnaires for the participants. Results: : Totally 89.2% of non-hospitalized mild COVID-19 patients received ≤2 courses of antibiotics/year, while 36.0% of hospitalized patients received ≥4 courses of antibiotics, 56.9% received 2-3 courses of antibiotics/year and only 6.9% of them were exposed to ≤2 courses of antibiotics/year. our study emphasizes that the usage of 4 courses or higher per year was a significant risk factor for hospitalization [OR: 17.5; 95% CI (2.596-118.263); P=0.003], while the usage of ≤2 courses was a preventive predictor for severity and hospitalization [OR: 0.072; 95%CI (0.006-0.900); P=0.041]. Furthermore, age was associated with 8.4% increase in the odds of severe COVID-19 [OR: 1.084; 95% CI (1.024-1.148), P=0.005], and females were 89.1% less likely to hospitalized than males [OR: 0.109; 95% CI (0.024-0.498); P= 0.004]. Our study shows that 70.4% of cases misused antibiotics and administered the antibiotics themselves without a physician’s prescription. Around 50.0% of cases never completed the ideal duration of the course in contrast to controls, of which only 23.2% did not complete the ideal duration. Conclusions: : Our study shows that antibiotics misuse and overuse may be a potential risk factor for COVID-19 severity and hospitalization.
Objective: : To determine the potential risk factor of COVID-19 severity and length of hospitalization, the association between multiple antibiotics administration and the risk of severe COVID-19. Methods: :A case-control study of 58 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (the case group) and 120 non-hospitalized home isolated COVID-19 patients (the control group) was conducted. Data were collected using hospital medical records and verbal questionnaires for the participants. Results: : Totally 89.2% of non-hospitalized mild COVID-19 patients received ≤2 courses of antibiotics/year, while 36.0% of hospitalized patients received ≥4 courses of antibiotics, 56.9% received 2-3 courses of antibiotics/year and only 6.9% of them were exposed to ≤2 courses of antibiotics/year. our study emphasizes that the usage of 4 courses or higher per year was a significant risk factor for hospitalization [OR: 17.5; 95% CI (2.596-118.263); P=0.003], while the usage of ≤2 courses was a preventive predictor for severity and hospitalization [OR: 0.072; 95%CI (0.006-0.900); P=0.041]. Furthermore, age was associated with 8.4% increase in the odds of severe COVID-19 [OR: 1.084; 95% CI (1.024-1.148), P=0.005], and females were 89.1% less likely to hospitalized than males [OR: 0.109; 95% CI (0.024-0.498); P= 0.004]. Our study shows that 70.4% of cases misused antibiotics and administered the antibiotics themselves without a physician’s prescription. Around 50.0% of cases never completed the ideal duration of the course in contrast to controls, of which only 23.2% did not complete the ideal duration. Conclusions: : Our study shows that antibiotics misuse and overuse may be a potential risk factor for COVID-19 severity and hospitalization.
2023,3,5, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.363563
Abstract:
Rabies is widely prevalent worldwide, and China is among the countries most affected. To achieve the goal of zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030, dog management and immunization must be improved and comprehensive prevention and control measures must be adopted. We analyze the epidemiological profile of rabies in China in the past 30 years to clarify the origins of China’s high prevalence, and propose a comprehensive rabies prevention and control concept based on “One Health” by drawing on successful international control efforts.Results: The Omicron variants had the characteristics of high insidiousness, rapid transmission, high infectivity, and short incubation period, which were consistent with the characteristics of outbreaks caused by Omicron in other regions in China and abroad. There were 568 978 asymptomatic infections in Shanghai from Feburary 26 to June 30, 2022, accounting for 90.73% of the SARS-CoV-2 infections in this outbreak wave. It’s significantly different from a total of 23 277 SARS-CoV-2 infections in China between March 31, 2020 and August 8, 2021, of which 41.97% of the cases were asymptomatic infections. Conclusions: Compared with previous outbreaks emerged in China, the Omicron outbreak in Shanghai was characterized by multiple point dissemination, wide coverage, a large number of close contacts of confirmed infections and asymptomatic carriers, and difficult source tracing. The lessons from Shanghai’s response to Omicron showed that the dynamic zero-COVID policy is still the most suitable response to the virus which can quickly find the infections and curb the transmission route.
Rabies is widely prevalent worldwide, and China is among the countries most affected. To achieve the goal of zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030, dog management and immunization must be improved and comprehensive prevention and control measures must be adopted. We analyze the epidemiological profile of rabies in China in the past 30 years to clarify the origins of China’s high prevalence, and propose a comprehensive rabies prevention and control concept based on “One Health” by drawing on successful international control efforts.Results: The Omicron variants had the characteristics of high insidiousness, rapid transmission, high infectivity, and short incubation period, which were consistent with the characteristics of outbreaks caused by Omicron in other regions in China and abroad. There were 568 978 asymptomatic infections in Shanghai from Feburary 26 to June 30, 2022, accounting for 90.73% of the SARS-CoV-2 infections in this outbreak wave. It’s significantly different from a total of 23 277 SARS-CoV-2 infections in China between March 31, 2020 and August 8, 2021, of which 41.97% of the cases were asymptomatic infections. Conclusions: Compared with previous outbreaks emerged in China, the Omicron outbreak in Shanghai was characterized by multiple point dissemination, wide coverage, a large number of close contacts of confirmed infections and asymptomatic carriers, and difficult source tracing. The lessons from Shanghai’s response to Omicron showed that the dynamic zero-COVID policy is still the most suitable response to the virus which can quickly find the infections and curb the transmission route.
Hongrang Zhou, Xiaoling Wang, Guifu Li, Xiaoming Wang, Zhe Zhou, Wen Kong, Yinjun Pan, Xingxing Xu, Kaiyou Ye, Junfeng Pan, Ning Xiao
2022,2,6, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.362641
Abstract:
Objective: The study aimed to describe the characteristics and containment of the Omicron variants in Shanghai compared with the previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants in China. Methods: We summarized the data retrieved from the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission from January to June 2022 and the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China from March 2020 to August 2021. Epidemiological analysis was utilized to describe the differences among SARS-CoV-2 variants and the infection situation in the outbreaks in China. Results: The Omicron variants had the characteristics of high insidiousness, rapid transmission, high infectivity, and short incubation period, which were consistent with the characteristics of outbreaks caused by Omicron in other regions in China and abroad. There were 568 978 asymptomatic infections in Shanghai from Feburary 26 to June 30, 2022, accounting for 90.73% of the SARS-CoV-2 infections in this outbreak wave. It’s significantly different from a total of 23 277 SARS-CoV-2 infections in China between March 31, 2020 and August 8, 2021, of which 41.97% of the cases were asymptomatic infections. Conclusions: Compared with previous outbreaks emerged in China, the Omicron outbreak in Shanghai was characterized by multiple point dissemination, wide coverage, a large number of close contacts of confirmed infections and asymptomatic carriers, and difficult source tracing. The lessons from Shanghai’s response to Omicron showed that the dynamic zero-COVID policy is still the most suitable response to the virus which can quickly find the infections and curb the transmission route.
Objective: The study aimed to describe the characteristics and containment of the Omicron variants in Shanghai compared with the previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants in China. Methods: We summarized the data retrieved from the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission from January to June 2022 and the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China from March 2020 to August 2021. Epidemiological analysis was utilized to describe the differences among SARS-CoV-2 variants and the infection situation in the outbreaks in China. Results: The Omicron variants had the characteristics of high insidiousness, rapid transmission, high infectivity, and short incubation period, which were consistent with the characteristics of outbreaks caused by Omicron in other regions in China and abroad. There were 568 978 asymptomatic infections in Shanghai from Feburary 26 to June 30, 2022, accounting for 90.73% of the SARS-CoV-2 infections in this outbreak wave. It’s significantly different from a total of 23 277 SARS-CoV-2 infections in China between March 31, 2020 and August 8, 2021, of which 41.97% of the cases were asymptomatic infections. Conclusions: Compared with previous outbreaks emerged in China, the Omicron outbreak in Shanghai was characterized by multiple point dissemination, wide coverage, a large number of close contacts of confirmed infections and asymptomatic carriers, and difficult source tracing. The lessons from Shanghai’s response to Omicron showed that the dynamic zero-COVID policy is still the most suitable response to the virus which can quickly find the infections and curb the transmission route.
2022,2,7, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.343630
Abstract:
Objective: To investigate the genetic mechanism and prevalence of antibiotic resistance among the practitioners of two bathing beaches in tropical China. Methods: Totally 259 strains were isolated from the rectal swabs of the practitioners and screened by MacConkey agar. A questionnaire survey was conducted. Kirby-Bauer test was used for phenotype, and double disc inhibition synergy test was used for extendedspectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E), which was further confirmed by VITEKII instrument. The genotype was detected by polymerase chain reaction, and the similarities of ESBL-E were analyzed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Results: The prevalence of ESBL-E was 13.1% (34/259), of which, CTX-M genes accounted for 44.1% (15/34), mainly CTX-M-14 and CTX-M-27. Moreover, 19.1% (4/21) of the isolates were homologous. The resistance phenotypes of ESBL-E to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ceftazidime, cefepime and gentamicin were different between two beaches(PCTX-M genes at the island beach, while a high prevalence of ESBL-E was found at the city beach and clone transfer occurred. Conclusions: ESBL-E-associated gentamicin antibiotic resistance risk may be greater for island beach practitioners. The city beach populations could face more potential risks owing to severe resistance and metastatic ability of ESBL-E. The environmental exposure mechanisms and transfer role of antibiotic resistance at public beaches with high density should be investigated.
Objective: To investigate the genetic mechanism and prevalence of antibiotic resistance among the practitioners of two bathing beaches in tropical China. Methods: Totally 259 strains were isolated from the rectal swabs of the practitioners and screened by MacConkey agar. A questionnaire survey was conducted. Kirby-Bauer test was used for phenotype, and double disc inhibition synergy test was used for extendedspectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E), which was further confirmed by VITEKII instrument. The genotype was detected by polymerase chain reaction, and the similarities of ESBL-E were analyzed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Results: The prevalence of ESBL-E was 13.1% (34/259), of which, CTX-M genes accounted for 44.1% (15/34), mainly CTX-M-14 and CTX-M-27. Moreover, 19.1% (4/21) of the isolates were homologous. The resistance phenotypes of ESBL-E to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ceftazidime, cefepime and gentamicin were different between two beaches(PCTX-M genes at the island beach, while a high prevalence of ESBL-E was found at the city beach and clone transfer occurred. Conclusions: ESBL-E-associated gentamicin antibiotic resistance risk may be greater for island beach practitioners. The city beach populations could face more potential risks owing to severe resistance and metastatic ability of ESBL-E. The environmental exposure mechanisms and transfer role of antibiotic resistance at public beaches with high density should be investigated.
2023,3,8, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.387693
Abstract:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic of infectious disease characterized by significant morbidity, symptomatic manifestations, and severe outcomes. Vaccines have proven to be an effective means of impeding the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and have been widely employed globally. Despite breakthroughs such as mRNA vaccine, intramuscular COVID-19 vaccine still faces numerous chanllenges, such as failure to completely avoid infections, high cost, and difficult transport conditions. The mucosa is the primary site through which SARS-CoV-2 invades the body and may induce effective immune responses. In the face of the increasing immune escape capacity of the Omicron variants and the potential outbreak of a new round of epidemics, it is imperative to develop a new generation of mucosal immune vaccines to prevent infection, which is mainly transmitted through the respiratory tract, along with its severe and fatal consequences. Probiotics have not only been used as safe raw materials for fermented foods but have also been developed as oral or nasal vaccine vectors for various pathogens in recent years, showing good mucosal and systemic immune effects in animals or humans. Although the antigen delivery technology based on protein anchoring on the surface of probiotics is rarely applied to COVID-19, probiotic-based vaccines aim at a new development direction for COVID-19 vaccines with low cost, high safety, and potential mucosal immune programs. In this review, we will discuss in detail the feasibility, advantages, and possible limitations of probiotics as a mucosal immune vaccine vector, which will be conducive to coping with the current situation of COVID-19.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic of infectious disease characterized by significant morbidity, symptomatic manifestations, and severe outcomes. Vaccines have proven to be an effective means of impeding the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and have been widely employed globally. Despite breakthroughs such as mRNA vaccine, intramuscular COVID-19 vaccine still faces numerous chanllenges, such as failure to completely avoid infections, high cost, and difficult transport conditions. The mucosa is the primary site through which SARS-CoV-2 invades the body and may induce effective immune responses. In the face of the increasing immune escape capacity of the Omicron variants and the potential outbreak of a new round of epidemics, it is imperative to develop a new generation of mucosal immune vaccines to prevent infection, which is mainly transmitted through the respiratory tract, along with its severe and fatal consequences. Probiotics have not only been used as safe raw materials for fermented foods but have also been developed as oral or nasal vaccine vectors for various pathogens in recent years, showing good mucosal and systemic immune effects in animals or humans. Although the antigen delivery technology based on protein anchoring on the surface of probiotics is rarely applied to COVID-19, probiotic-based vaccines aim at a new development direction for COVID-19 vaccines with low cost, high safety, and potential mucosal immune programs. In this review, we will discuss in detail the feasibility, advantages, and possible limitations of probiotics as a mucosal immune vaccine vector, which will be conducive to coping with the current situation of COVID-19.
2023,3,9, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.374224
Abstract:
Objective: To assess the level of knowledge and practice on malaria prevention among the residents of Ratuwamai Municipality in Nepal. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out on Ratuwamai Municipality of Ward No. 8 in Morang District, Nepal. A total of 352 respondents with an age range from 15 to 70 years were interviewed from October 9 to October 31, 2022. Statistically significant differences between two or more categorical groups were measured using independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA test, and Kruskal-Wallis H test. Result: Out of the total sample, 57.7% of the respondents were 24 to 50 years old with a mean age of (36.9±14.3) years. In the knowledge test, 82% of the responses were accurate. Though 98.6% of people had heard of malaria, only 48.3% said it was a communicable disease. In practice, 84.9% always cleaned the surrounding area and trimmed the bushes around the house; 75.9% used insecticide-treated bed nets or normal bed nets for sleeping; only 7.4% used mosquito repellent creams on exposed body parts while staying outdoors at night, working in fields, and sleeping. Conclusions: The majority had knowledge about malaria, but more than half had poor practice. We advise concerned authorities to promote the behavior change communication strategy to encourage individuals to adopt healthy, beneficial, and good behavioral practices.
Objective: To assess the level of knowledge and practice on malaria prevention among the residents of Ratuwamai Municipality in Nepal. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out on Ratuwamai Municipality of Ward No. 8 in Morang District, Nepal. A total of 352 respondents with an age range from 15 to 70 years were interviewed from October 9 to October 31, 2022. Statistically significant differences between two or more categorical groups were measured using independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA test, and Kruskal-Wallis H test. Result: Out of the total sample, 57.7% of the respondents were 24 to 50 years old with a mean age of (36.9±14.3) years. In the knowledge test, 82% of the responses were accurate. Though 98.6% of people had heard of malaria, only 48.3% said it was a communicable disease. In practice, 84.9% always cleaned the surrounding area and trimmed the bushes around the house; 75.9% used insecticide-treated bed nets or normal bed nets for sleeping; only 7.4% used mosquito repellent creams on exposed body parts while staying outdoors at night, working in fields, and sleeping. Conclusions: The majority had knowledge about malaria, but more than half had poor practice. We advise concerned authorities to promote the behavior change communication strategy to encourage individuals to adopt healthy, beneficial, and good behavioral practices.
2023,3,10, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.371403
Abstract:
Objective: To determine the urinary tract infections (UTIs)-causing bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern for the proper and complete treatment of UTIs in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: We collected 300 urine samples from diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant women at various gestational ages. After isolating and identifying uropathogens, we conducted an antibiotic sensitivity assay against fourteen commonly used antibiotics: amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, azithromycin, cefixime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, levofloxacin, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin. Results: Among the participants, 70% had DM but only 37.3% had positive uropathogen growth. Five gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., and Pseudomonas spp.) and 3 gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp.) were indentified. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent bacteria (57.1%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (19.6%). In the antibiotic susceptibility assay, we found 96.5% of the isolated organisms were highly susceptible to levofloxacin, 94.2% to netilmicin, 88.2% to nitrofurantoin, 85.1% to amikacin, 79.8% to gentamicin, respectively. On the other hand, 64.8%, 63.6%, 61.8% of the isolates demonstrated high-level resistance to ampicillin, ceftazidime and amoxicillin whereas 38.0%, 37.1%, 33.6%, 30.9% and 30.0% of the organisms were resistant to co-trimoxazole, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, cefixime, respectivey. Conclusions: Our results suggest that amikacin, levofloxacin, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin, and gentamycin can be used as first-line treatments for UTIs, whether the patient has DM or not. Contrarily, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, azithromycin, and co-trimoxazole should be avoided in treating UTIs.
Objective: To determine the urinary tract infections (UTIs)-causing bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern for the proper and complete treatment of UTIs in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: We collected 300 urine samples from diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant women at various gestational ages. After isolating and identifying uropathogens, we conducted an antibiotic sensitivity assay against fourteen commonly used antibiotics: amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, azithromycin, cefixime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, levofloxacin, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin. Results: Among the participants, 70% had DM but only 37.3% had positive uropathogen growth. Five gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., and Pseudomonas spp.) and 3 gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp.) were indentified. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent bacteria (57.1%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (19.6%). In the antibiotic susceptibility assay, we found 96.5% of the isolated organisms were highly susceptible to levofloxacin, 94.2% to netilmicin, 88.2% to nitrofurantoin, 85.1% to amikacin, 79.8% to gentamicin, respectively. On the other hand, 64.8%, 63.6%, 61.8% of the isolates demonstrated high-level resistance to ampicillin, ceftazidime and amoxicillin whereas 38.0%, 37.1%, 33.6%, 30.9% and 30.0% of the organisms were resistant to co-trimoxazole, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, cefixime, respectivey. Conclusions: Our results suggest that amikacin, levofloxacin, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin, and gentamycin can be used as first-line treatments for UTIs, whether the patient has DM or not. Contrarily, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, azithromycin, and co-trimoxazole should be avoided in treating UTIs.
Hongrang Zhou, Guifu Li, Xiaoming Wang, Zhe Zhou, Wen Kong, Jingfei Hu, Kaiyou Ye, Wenjiang Zhong, Xiaoling Wang, Ning Xiao
2023,3,11, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.374229
Abstract:
The COVID-19 vaccines provide a high degree of protection against severe disease, hospitalisation, and death. However, no vaccine claimed 100% effectiveness and it is expected that a small proportion of vaccinated individuals may develop a breakthrough infection due to individual differences, virus variants and other factors. We conducted an epidemiological investigation and analysis of an imported case who had finished four doses of vaccination, and in order to provide a relevant reference for regular epidemic prevention and control in the post-pandemic era.
The COVID-19 vaccines provide a high degree of protection against severe disease, hospitalisation, and death. However, no vaccine claimed 100% effectiveness and it is expected that a small proportion of vaccinated individuals may develop a breakthrough infection due to individual differences, virus variants and other factors. We conducted an epidemiological investigation and analysis of an imported case who had finished four doses of vaccination, and in order to provide a relevant reference for regular epidemic prevention and control in the post-pandemic era.
2022,2,12, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.345316
Abstract:
Objective: To determine the prevalence of Helicobacter (H.) pylori infection among the population of east coast of Borneo and explore the relationship between demographic factors, ethnicity and risk of H. pylori infection. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 211 patients who underwent elective oesophagogastroduodenoscopy in 2017. Demographic data, endoscopic indications as well as the results of the mucosal biopsy were obtained and analysed from the endoscopy unit registry. Results: A total of 211 patients from 14 ethnic groups were enrolled in the study, most of were Chinese (28.4%), followed by Dusun (14.7%) and Songgai (13.7%). Overall, the period prevalence for 2017 was 44.5%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed an association between ethnicity and H. pylori. Bajau (adjusted odds ratio=5.612, P=0.005) and Dusun ethnic groups (adjusted odds ratio=7.359, P=0.001) were at a significantly higher risk of H. pylori infection compared to Chinese. However, the regression model only explained 11.6% (Cox & Snell Pseudo R2 ) of the prevalence of H. pylori infection. Conclusions: The period prevalence for 2017 was 44.5%, with certain indigenous ethnic groups having a higher risk than others. Clinicians should consider obtaining further history regarding the ethnic’s culture and dietary practice prior to starting H. pylori eradication therapy.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of Helicobacter (H.) pylori infection among the population of east coast of Borneo and explore the relationship between demographic factors, ethnicity and risk of H. pylori infection. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 211 patients who underwent elective oesophagogastroduodenoscopy in 2017. Demographic data, endoscopic indications as well as the results of the mucosal biopsy were obtained and analysed from the endoscopy unit registry. Results: A total of 211 patients from 14 ethnic groups were enrolled in the study, most of were Chinese (28.4%), followed by Dusun (14.7%) and Songgai (13.7%). Overall, the period prevalence for 2017 was 44.5%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed an association between ethnicity and H. pylori. Bajau (adjusted odds ratio=5.612, P=0.005) and Dusun ethnic groups (adjusted odds ratio=7.359, P=0.001) were at a significantly higher risk of H. pylori infection compared to Chinese. However, the regression model only explained 11.6% (Cox & Snell Pseudo R2 ) of the prevalence of H. pylori infection. Conclusions: The period prevalence for 2017 was 44.5%, with certain indigenous ethnic groups having a higher risk than others. Clinicians should consider obtaining further history regarding the ethnic’s culture and dietary practice prior to starting H. pylori eradication therapy.
Moses Samje, Paulin Ngoufo, Napoleon Mfonku, Brice Tchoufack, Glory Mbah, Eduard Tiku, Fidelis Cho-Ngwa
2025,3,13, DOI: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_43_24
Abstract:
Objective: To evaluate the filaricidal properties of three indigenous medicinal plants—Cassia alata, Zornia scabra, and Momordica (M.) foetida, in order to explore their potential as novel sources of filaricides for the sustainable management of filariasis. Methods: Nine crude extracts from these three plants were prepared and screened in vitro against the microfilariae and adult worms of Onchocerca (O.) ochengi. Viability of O. ochengi adult male worm and mf was ascertained by microscopy while that of adult female worm of O. ochengi was by MTT/formazan assay. Cytotoxicity and acute toxicity were assessed in LLC-MK2 cells and in balb/c mice, respectively. Results: At the single highest concentration of 500 μg/mL, all the extracts were active on O. ochengi adult males while seven showed activity on adult females and microfilariae. The methylene chloride extract of M. foetida was the most active on O. ochengi with IC50s of 30.3 μg/mL, 40.3 μg/mL, and 44.2 μg/mL on males, females, and microfilariae, respectively. Selectivity indexes for the most active extract were 3.5 μg/mL (microfilariae), 3.9 μg/mL (females), and 5.1 μg/mL (males). There was no physical sign of acute toxicity and no hepatocellular injury to balb/c mice. Conclusions: Extracts of Cassia alata, Zheneria scabra and M. foetida contain nematocidal properties with the methylene chloride extract of M. foetida being the most active on the adult worms and juvenile stages of O. ochengi. These findings provide a base for the isolation of anti-filarial lead molecules from the extract.
Objective: To evaluate the filaricidal properties of three indigenous medicinal plants—Cassia alata, Zornia scabra, and Momordica (M.) foetida, in order to explore their potential as novel sources of filaricides for the sustainable management of filariasis. Methods: Nine crude extracts from these three plants were prepared and screened in vitro against the microfilariae and adult worms of Onchocerca (O.) ochengi. Viability of O. ochengi adult male worm and mf was ascertained by microscopy while that of adult female worm of O. ochengi was by MTT/formazan assay. Cytotoxicity and acute toxicity were assessed in LLC-MK2 cells and in balb/c mice, respectively. Results: At the single highest concentration of 500 μg/mL, all the extracts were active on O. ochengi adult males while seven showed activity on adult females and microfilariae. The methylene chloride extract of M. foetida was the most active on O. ochengi with IC50s of 30.3 μg/mL, 40.3 μg/mL, and 44.2 μg/mL on males, females, and microfilariae, respectively. Selectivity indexes for the most active extract were 3.5 μg/mL (microfilariae), 3.9 μg/mL (females), and 5.1 μg/mL (males). There was no physical sign of acute toxicity and no hepatocellular injury to balb/c mice. Conclusions: Extracts of Cassia alata, Zheneria scabra and M. foetida contain nematocidal properties with the methylene chloride extract of M. foetida being the most active on the adult worms and juvenile stages of O. ochengi. These findings provide a base for the isolation of anti-filarial lead molecules from the extract.
2023,3,14, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.376722
Abstract:
Objective: SARS-CoV-2 infection is an ongoing public health emergency of international significance. Considering that there is no specific drug and 100% effective vaccine yet, knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19 are crucial to prevent and manage the pandemic. This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practices toward COVID-19 prevention measures of graduate students at a university in northwestern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted between September to December 2020. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics and KAP of 407 randomly selected individuals. The data were exported to SPSS version 23.0, and bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used for analyses. Variables with P＜0.25 in the bivariate logistic regression analysis were retained into the multivariable logistic regression models. The values were considered to be statistically significant ( P≤0.05). The data quality control was tested by using 5% pretest. Results:Among 407 participants, 267 (65.6%) had sufficient knowledge, 239 (58.7%) had positive attitude and 189 (46.4%) had good practices toward COVID-19. Marital status (AOR 0.38; 95%CI 0.11-0.95; P=0.040) and student admission type (AOR 0.32; 95%CI 0.15-0.68; P=0.003) had a statistically significant association with knowledge of students. Residence (AOR 0.18; 95%CI 0.09- 0.34; P＜0.01) (AOR 0.16; 95%CI 0.07-0.36; P＜0.01), family size (AOR 0.45; 95%CI 0.23-0.87, P=0.017) (AOR 0.29; 95%CI 0.14-0.60; P=0.001), student admission type (AOR 0.11: 95%CI 0.04-0.29, P＜0.01) (AOR 0.01; 95%CI 0.00-0.05; P＜0.01) and monthly income (AOR 0.17; 95%CI 0.05-0.58; P=0.005) (AOR 0.08; 95%CI 0.02-0.32; P＜0.01) were significantly associated with positive attitude and good practices, respectively. Besides, good practices such as avoiding handshaking and physical distancing were performed in the least amount of participants. Conclusions: The scores of KAP among graduate students toward COVID-19 are low. It is recommended that university administrators reinforce proactive and effective measures to develop good knowledge, positive attitude, and better practices regarding COVID-19 for the students.
Objective: SARS-CoV-2 infection is an ongoing public health emergency of international significance. Considering that there is no specific drug and 100% effective vaccine yet, knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19 are crucial to prevent and manage the pandemic. This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practices toward COVID-19 prevention measures of graduate students at a university in northwestern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted between September to December 2020. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics and KAP of 407 randomly selected individuals. The data were exported to SPSS version 23.0, and bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used for analyses. Variables with P＜0.25 in the bivariate logistic regression analysis were retained into the multivariable logistic regression models. The values were considered to be statistically significant ( P≤0.05). The data quality control was tested by using 5% pretest. Results:Among 407 participants, 267 (65.6%) had sufficient knowledge, 239 (58.7%) had positive attitude and 189 (46.4%) had good practices toward COVID-19. Marital status (AOR 0.38; 95%CI 0.11-0.95; P=0.040) and student admission type (AOR 0.32; 95%CI 0.15-0.68; P=0.003) had a statistically significant association with knowledge of students. Residence (AOR 0.18; 95%CI 0.09- 0.34; P＜0.01) (AOR 0.16; 95%CI 0.07-0.36; P＜0.01), family size (AOR 0.45; 95%CI 0.23-0.87, P=0.017) (AOR 0.29; 95%CI 0.14-0.60; P=0.001), student admission type (AOR 0.11: 95%CI 0.04-0.29, P＜0.01) (AOR 0.01; 95%CI 0.00-0.05; P＜0.01) and monthly income (AOR 0.17; 95%CI 0.05-0.58; P=0.005) (AOR 0.08; 95%CI 0.02-0.32; P＜0.01) were significantly associated with positive attitude and good practices, respectively. Besides, good practices such as avoiding handshaking and physical distancing were performed in the least amount of participants. Conclusions: The scores of KAP among graduate students toward COVID-19 are low. It is recommended that university administrators reinforce proactive and effective measures to develop good knowledge, positive attitude, and better practices regarding COVID-19 for the students.
2022,2,15, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.347379
Abstract:
2022,2,16, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.356847
Abstract:
Objective: To determine the occurrence of multidrug resistant bacteria from the indoor environment of female hostels in a tertiary institution in order to provide epidemiological data. Methods: The bacterial quality of the three female hostels was evaluated using the settle plate method, where Petri dishes containing different types of culture media were opened in the rooms. Isolated bacteria were identified using standard microbiological procedures. Using disc diffusion method, the antibiogram of the isolates was determined and based on this, the multiple antibiotics resistance index was also determined. Results: The total heterotrophic colony forming units（CFU) for Hall A ranged from 2.09 x102 to 1.73 x103 CFU/m3 while that of Hall B ranged from 4.71 x102 to 1.10 x103 CFU/m3 and a statistically significant difference between the counts of both halls was observed (P=0.04). Microorganisms isolated included Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium sp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. All the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime and ceftriaxone. Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Corynebacterium sp. had the least multiple antibiotic resistance index with 0.2 while Staphylococcus aureus had the highest with 0.8. Conclusions: Female university hostels may become sources of exchange of microorganisms, especially in overcrowded rooms. A large percentage of isolates were multidrug resistant which could pose difficulty and increased cost of treatment of their resulting infections. Regular surveillance and control of the agents that encourage the growth of these bacteria present in indoor air is needed.
Objective: To determine the occurrence of multidrug resistant bacteria from the indoor environment of female hostels in a tertiary institution in order to provide epidemiological data. Methods: The bacterial quality of the three female hostels was evaluated using the settle plate method, where Petri dishes containing different types of culture media were opened in the rooms. Isolated bacteria were identified using standard microbiological procedures. Using disc diffusion method, the antibiogram of the isolates was determined and based on this, the multiple antibiotics resistance index was also determined. Results: The total heterotrophic colony forming units（CFU) for Hall A ranged from 2.09 x102 to 1.73 x103 CFU/m3 while that of Hall B ranged from 4.71 x102 to 1.10 x103 CFU/m3 and a statistically significant difference between the counts of both halls was observed (P=0.04). Microorganisms isolated included Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium sp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. All the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime and ceftriaxone. Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Corynebacterium sp. had the least multiple antibiotic resistance index with 0.2 while Staphylococcus aureus had the highest with 0.8. Conclusions: Female university hostels may become sources of exchange of microorganisms, especially in overcrowded rooms. A large percentage of isolates were multidrug resistant which could pose difficulty and increased cost of treatment of their resulting infections. Regular surveillance and control of the agents that encourage the growth of these bacteria present in indoor air is needed.
2022,2,17, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.348853
Abstract:
“One Health” perspective has now been upheld and advocated by many countries and international institutions such as the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the World Organization for Animal Health, and the World Bank Groups. At present, 19 countries, 5 international institutions and 4 regional organizaitons are working jointly to promote “One Health” perspective, with two important development trends. First, it should be put into practice with legal support, government will, and cooperation among multiple disciplines and departments; second, it not only covers zoonotic diseases, food safety and antibiotic resistance, but has now been extended to address environmental pollution, biosecurity, public health risks at ports and other fields. Taking the global fight against the COVID-19 pandemic as an example, the world now is facing unprecedented challenges, urgently calling for an exploration into institutional innovation, agency innovation and means innovation from the perspective of “One health” so as to enhance the governance efficiency of public health management.
“One Health” perspective has now been upheld and advocated by many countries and international institutions such as the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the World Organization for Animal Health, and the World Bank Groups. At present, 19 countries, 5 international institutions and 4 regional organizaitons are working jointly to promote “One Health” perspective, with two important development trends. First, it should be put into practice with legal support, government will, and cooperation among multiple disciplines and departments; second, it not only covers zoonotic diseases, food safety and antibiotic resistance, but has now been extended to address environmental pollution, biosecurity, public health risks at ports and other fields. Taking the global fight against the COVID-19 pandemic as an example, the world now is facing unprecedented challenges, urgently calling for an exploration into institutional innovation, agency innovation and means innovation from the perspective of “One health” so as to enhance the governance efficiency of public health management.
2022,2,18, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.350691
Abstract:
Maiada Mahmoud Hashem Shams, Ebthal Mamdouh Hamdy, Karim Atia Mohamed, Mai Othman Qwaider, Belal El-Agha, Sarah Abd-Alhamed Elmatary
2022,2,19, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.356988
Abstract:
b>Objective: To investigate the antibiotic utilization and prescription patterns as well as define its convenience to the norm in four North- Sinai hospitals, Egypt. Antimicrobial resistance is a universal health threat. The golden era of miracle antibiotics has ended and we have faced the challenge of being troubled by infectious diseases with no discovery of new antibiotics found since 1987. Antibiotic pressure, overuse, and misuse are important risk factors for antimicrobial resistance and hospital cross-infection. To combat antimicrobial resistance, Egypt started its National Action Plan (2018-2022) aiming to optimize the usage and consumption of antibiotics. Method: This multicenter descriptive cross-sectional study was designed to describe the pattern of antibiotic prescription and consumption at four North Sinai Hospitals related to the Ministry of Health and Population. We reviewed 309 medical records of the inpatient department; the samples were selected through a stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected retrospectively from the medical records of the hospitalized patients in October, November, and December of 2020 by a paper-based method. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Result: The prevalence of antibiotic consumption is near 68.9% in the four hospitals indicating that two-thirds of admitted patients receive antibiotics. Approximately 52.1% administered antibiotics for no reason. Most of the admitted patients took antibiotics on the same day of admission, regardless of the different types of hospital departments. Furthermore, 98.7% of antibiotics were prescribed without culture or order for culture and microbiological tests. Broad-spectrum antibiotics were 90% of all antibiotics prescribed. A total of 18 types of antibiotics were prescribed, cefotaxime was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic representing 26.5%. Conclusion: Judicious antibiotic prescribing behavior slows down the nature of antibiotic resistance. To guarantee the best antimicrobial use in the hospitals, standard treatment guidelines, and the Essential Medicines List for infectious diseases should be carried out and revised at least every 2 years to be a clinical reference for clinicians. Continuous education and training of clinicians and healthcare workers can contribute to optimizing the rational use of antibiotics, which in return reduces the progress of antibiotic resistance. There is an urgent need for antibiotic stewardship and surveillance and their application in all hospitals.
b>Objective: To investigate the antibiotic utilization and prescription patterns as well as define its convenience to the norm in four North- Sinai hospitals, Egypt. Antimicrobial resistance is a universal health threat. The golden era of miracle antibiotics has ended and we have faced the challenge of being troubled by infectious diseases with no discovery of new antibiotics found since 1987. Antibiotic pressure, overuse, and misuse are important risk factors for antimicrobial resistance and hospital cross-infection. To combat antimicrobial resistance, Egypt started its National Action Plan (2018-2022) aiming to optimize the usage and consumption of antibiotics. Method: This multicenter descriptive cross-sectional study was designed to describe the pattern of antibiotic prescription and consumption at four North Sinai Hospitals related to the Ministry of Health and Population. We reviewed 309 medical records of the inpatient department; the samples were selected through a stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected retrospectively from the medical records of the hospitalized patients in October, November, and December of 2020 by a paper-based method. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Result: The prevalence of antibiotic consumption is near 68.9% in the four hospitals indicating that two-thirds of admitted patients receive antibiotics. Approximately 52.1% administered antibiotics for no reason. Most of the admitted patients took antibiotics on the same day of admission, regardless of the different types of hospital departments. Furthermore, 98.7% of antibiotics were prescribed without culture or order for culture and microbiological tests. Broad-spectrum antibiotics were 90% of all antibiotics prescribed. A total of 18 types of antibiotics were prescribed, cefotaxime was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic representing 26.5%. Conclusion: Judicious antibiotic prescribing behavior slows down the nature of antibiotic resistance. To guarantee the best antimicrobial use in the hospitals, standard treatment guidelines, and the Essential Medicines List for infectious diseases should be carried out and revised at least every 2 years to be a clinical reference for clinicians. Continuous education and training of clinicians and healthcare workers can contribute to optimizing the rational use of antibiotics, which in return reduces the progress of antibiotic resistance. There is an urgent need for antibiotic stewardship and surveillance and their application in all hospitals.
2022,2,20, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.362642
Abstract:
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