One Health Bulletin
indexed by
- Featured Articles
- Recommended Topics
-
- Enhancing antimicrobial management: A 5-year retrospective analysis of urinary pathogen susceptibility at a tertiary care centre from January 2018 to December 2022
- The epidemiological trends of 40 national notifiable infectious diseases in China: An analysis of national surveillance data from 2013 to 2022
- Fecal shedding and transmission of vaccine-derived poliovirus: A systematic review and meta-analysis
- Global, regional, and national burdens: An overlapping meta-analysis on Staphylococcus aureus and its drug-resistant strains
- Emerging antihelminthic drug resistance: Implications for mass drug administration program
- Exploration and analysis of anxiety and sleep disorders among medical personnel in medical observation and isolation sites
- Probiotics lessens pathological changes in rabbits infected with hepatic coccidiosis
-
Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Journal editors visited Press office
Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Journal editors visited Press office
Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Journal editors visited Press office
One Health Bulletin editorial office attended the 5th Forum of Tropical Medicine, Tropical Medicine Alliance
One Health Bulletin editorial office attended the 5th Forum of Tropical Medicine, Tropical Medicine Alliance
The Editor-in-Chief of Cell Research and Cell Discovery share insights
One Health Research Foundation chairman engaged in scholarly dialogue at Press office
One Health Research Foundation chairman engaged in scholarly dialogue at Press office
Editorial team joined the 2022 National Forum on Development of Tropical Medicine Journals
Dr. Dirk Engels serves as the Deputy Editor-in-Chief of One Health Bulletin
Dr. Dirk Engels serves as the Deputy Editor-in-Chief of One Health Bulletin
Dr. Dirk Engels serves as the Deputy Editor-in-Chief of One Health Bulletin
Thoracic Cancer Editorial Director visited the Press office for academic exchange
One Health Bulletin editorial team joined Inaugural Wildlife Diseases Symposium
Editorial team attended the Second Belt and Road Tropical Medical Alliance (BRTMA) Forum
Editorial team attended the Second Belt and Road Tropical Medical Alliance (BRTMA) Forum
Editorial team attended the Second Belt and Road Tropical Medical Alliance (BRTMA) Forum
Prof. Marcel Tanner joins the Editorial Board of One Health Bulletin
Prof. Marcel Tanner joins the Editorial Board of One Health Bulletin
Prof. Marcel Tanner joins the Editorial Board of One Health Bulletin
- Current Issue
- Online First
- Archive
- Most Downloaded
Select AllDeselectExport
Display Method:
Fecal shedding and transmission of vaccine-derived poliovirus: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Gangerdiwala Mariya Yunus, Kanchwala Aliasgar Taher, Khan Adnan Akram, Dudhane Suraj Anil, Haji Sana Anis, Abusufiyan Shaikh
2025,1,1, DOI: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_29_24
Abstract:
Objective: This review aims to summarize the emergence and transmission of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) across various geographies, its impacts, and the developments of immunization techniques and vaccines. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis followed Prioritization of Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses (PRIMSA) criteria and was registered with Prospective Systematic Reviews (CRD42023389248). We included clinical studies such as randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case reports and cross-sectional studies accessing the fecal excretion of VDPV. Five independent reviewers selected appropriate and relevant studies from PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar published before January 2023. Statistical analyses were performed using odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and a random effects model to address heterogeneity (I2), with publication bias evaluated via funnel plots and statistical tests. Results: Out of the 83 initially identified studies, 9 were included in meta-analysis. Participants who received the first dose of monovalent oral polio vaccine (mOPV) did not show statistically significant fecal shedding compared to those treated with the second dose (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.51-2.03, P=0.47). Individuals who received the novel oral polio vaccine (nOPV) significantly reduce virus fecal shedding after the second dose compared to the first dose (OR: 2.95. 95% CI: 1.39-6.25, P=0.00). Sero-conversion rates do not differ significantly between two doses in participants received mOPV (OR:1.10, 95% CI: 0.60-2.01, P=0.35), meanwhile nOPV exhibit a higher seroconversion rate (OR: 0.07, 95% CI: 0.01-0.67, P=0.01). Conclusions: This study provides the evidence supporting the clinical efficacy and safety of nOPV compared to mOPV.
Objective: This review aims to summarize the emergence and transmission of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) across various geographies, its impacts, and the developments of immunization techniques and vaccines. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis followed Prioritization of Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses (PRIMSA) criteria and was registered with Prospective Systematic Reviews (CRD42023389248). We included clinical studies such as randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case reports and cross-sectional studies accessing the fecal excretion of VDPV. Five independent reviewers selected appropriate and relevant studies from PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar published before January 2023. Statistical analyses were performed using odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and a random effects model to address heterogeneity (I2), with publication bias evaluated via funnel plots and statistical tests. Results: Out of the 83 initially identified studies, 9 were included in meta-analysis. Participants who received the first dose of monovalent oral polio vaccine (mOPV) did not show statistically significant fecal shedding compared to those treated with the second dose (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.51-2.03, P=0.47). Individuals who received the novel oral polio vaccine (nOPV) significantly reduce virus fecal shedding after the second dose compared to the first dose (OR: 2.95. 95% CI: 1.39-6.25, P=0.00). Sero-conversion rates do not differ significantly between two doses in participants received mOPV (OR:1.10, 95% CI: 0.60-2.01, P=0.35), meanwhile nOPV exhibit a higher seroconversion rate (OR: 0.07, 95% CI: 0.01-0.67, P=0.01). Conclusions: This study provides the evidence supporting the clinical efficacy and safety of nOPV compared to mOPV.
Hongrang Zhou, Xiaoling Wang, Guifu Li, Zhe Zhou, Xiaoming Wang, Jingfei Hu, Yufeng Wang, Muxin Chen, Kaiyou Ye, Ning Xiao, Lin Ai
2025,1,2, DOI: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_26_24
Abstract:
Objective: It aims to provide a preliminary analysis of the epidemiological characteristics and trends of 40 notifiable infectious diseases in the mainland of China over the past ten years, serving as a valuable reference for public health policies and interventions related to infectious diseases. Methods: Using data from the monthly analysis reports of the National Infectious Disease Surveillance System, we obtained information on reportable infectious diseases in China from 2013 to 2022. The data were analyzed using Excel 2010 software, and a joinpoint regression model was employed to examine trends in incidence and case-fatality ratios during this period. Results: From 2013 to 2022, a total of 76 874 318 cases of notifiable infectious diseases were reported in the mainland of China, resulting in an average yearly incidence of 551.26/100 000 persons, with an average annual percentage change (AAPC) was 0.23% (95%CI: -3.81 to 4.37). The infectious diseases with the highest yearly incidence include hand, foot and mouth disease, hepatitis B, infectious diarrhea, tuberculosis, and influenza. There were 207 216 deaths with an average annual case-fatality rate of 2.70/1 000, with an AAPC of 5.53% (95%CI: 2.16 to 9.30). The diseases with the highest mortality rates were acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis, rabies, infectious diarrhea, and COVID-19. The incidence of notifiable infectious diseases was predominantly attributed to category C diseases, accounting for 54.50% of total cases, while intestinal infectious diseases were the most prevalent, comprising 40.64% of the total morbidity. The monthly incidence trend of 40 notifiable infectious diseases in China’s mainland exhibited a "W" distribution, whereas the monthly case-fatality ratio trend displayed an "M" distribution. Conclusions: It is crucial to continuously reinforce the prevention and control of key infectious diseases, including AIDS, tuberculosis, and viral hepatitis, as well as highly prevalent diseases such as hand, foot and mouth disease, influenza, and infectious diarrhea. Additionally, enhancing surveillance and response to emerging infectious diseases is essential to safeguarding public health and safety.
Objective: It aims to provide a preliminary analysis of the epidemiological characteristics and trends of 40 notifiable infectious diseases in the mainland of China over the past ten years, serving as a valuable reference for public health policies and interventions related to infectious diseases. Methods: Using data from the monthly analysis reports of the National Infectious Disease Surveillance System, we obtained information on reportable infectious diseases in China from 2013 to 2022. The data were analyzed using Excel 2010 software, and a joinpoint regression model was employed to examine trends in incidence and case-fatality ratios during this period. Results: From 2013 to 2022, a total of 76 874 318 cases of notifiable infectious diseases were reported in the mainland of China, resulting in an average yearly incidence of 551.26/100 000 persons, with an average annual percentage change (AAPC) was 0.23% (95%CI: -3.81 to 4.37). The infectious diseases with the highest yearly incidence include hand, foot and mouth disease, hepatitis B, infectious diarrhea, tuberculosis, and influenza. There were 207 216 deaths with an average annual case-fatality rate of 2.70/1 000, with an AAPC of 5.53% (95%CI: 2.16 to 9.30). The diseases with the highest mortality rates were acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis, rabies, infectious diarrhea, and COVID-19. The incidence of notifiable infectious diseases was predominantly attributed to category C diseases, accounting for 54.50% of total cases, while intestinal infectious diseases were the most prevalent, comprising 40.64% of the total morbidity. The monthly incidence trend of 40 notifiable infectious diseases in China’s mainland exhibited a "W" distribution, whereas the monthly case-fatality ratio trend displayed an "M" distribution. Conclusions: It is crucial to continuously reinforce the prevention and control of key infectious diseases, including AIDS, tuberculosis, and viral hepatitis, as well as highly prevalent diseases such as hand, foot and mouth disease, influenza, and infectious diarrhea. Additionally, enhancing surveillance and response to emerging infectious diseases is essential to safeguarding public health and safety.
2025,1,3, DOI: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_20_24
Abstract:
Objective: To assess the bacteria load of lecture rooms in the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Methods: Air sampling using settle plate method in lecture rooms was carried out for two months. The temperature and relative humidity of the sampled areas were determined while the bacteriological analyses were carried out using the standard microbiological methods. Virulent factors and antibiotics susceptibility profile of the isolates were analyzed. Results: The lecture room with the highest bacterial, coliform and Staphylococci count was plant biology and biotechnology lecture room with values 4.84 ± 0.82 x 103, 4.30 ± 0.51 x 103 and 3.52 ± 0.89 x 103 CFU/m3, respectively, in the two months dectected. The identified bacterial isolates were Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Aeromonas (A.) hydrophilia, Enterobacter intermedius, Serratia liquefacias, Pseudomonas spp., Micrococcus luteus, Acineobacter baumanii, Lactobacillus fermenti, Serratia marcescens, A. veronii, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium spp. The isolate with the highest frequency of occurrence was Staphylococcus aureus. Bacterial isolates with the highest virulence factors of 100 % was A. veronii. The antibiotic susceptibility profile showed that all Gram-negative bacterial isolates were susceptible to Sparfloxacin antibiotic. Isolate with the highest multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.6 was Acineobacter baumanii . Conclusions: To maintain air quality, constant monitoring of parameters like temperature and humidity that promote the presence organisms in the air, reducing the number of occupants, ensuring a well-functioning ventilation system, and implementing regular cleaning routines should be practiced.
Objective: To assess the bacteria load of lecture rooms in the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Methods: Air sampling using settle plate method in lecture rooms was carried out for two months. The temperature and relative humidity of the sampled areas were determined while the bacteriological analyses were carried out using the standard microbiological methods. Virulent factors and antibiotics susceptibility profile of the isolates were analyzed. Results: The lecture room with the highest bacterial, coliform and Staphylococci count was plant biology and biotechnology lecture room with values 4.84 ± 0.82 x 103, 4.30 ± 0.51 x 103 and 3.52 ± 0.89 x 103 CFU/m3, respectively, in the two months dectected. The identified bacterial isolates were Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Aeromonas (A.) hydrophilia, Enterobacter intermedius, Serratia liquefacias, Pseudomonas spp., Micrococcus luteus, Acineobacter baumanii, Lactobacillus fermenti, Serratia marcescens, A. veronii, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium spp. The isolate with the highest frequency of occurrence was Staphylococcus aureus. Bacterial isolates with the highest virulence factors of 100 % was A. veronii. The antibiotic susceptibility profile showed that all Gram-negative bacterial isolates were susceptible to Sparfloxacin antibiotic. Isolate with the highest multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.6 was Acineobacter baumanii . Conclusions: To maintain air quality, constant monitoring of parameters like temperature and humidity that promote the presence organisms in the air, reducing the number of occupants, ensuring a well-functioning ventilation system, and implementing regular cleaning routines should be practiced.
2025,1,4, DOI: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_25_24
Abstract:
Objective: The study aims to collect data on prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of uropathogens in a hospital in India, and to analyze any changes that have occurred over the past 5 years. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted over 5 years at Lady Hardinge Medical College & Associated Hospitals, New Del?hi. Urine samples from patients who attended outpatient department or were admitted with diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) were included in this study. Samples were cultured and tested to identify bacteria and determine antibiotic susceptibility using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: A total of number of 151 395 urine specimens were collected from January 2018 to December 2022. The prevalence of UTI was 7.5% (11 372/151 395) with the majority of patients being aged above 40 years (19.3%). The prevalence was higher in females (12.7%) as compared to males (3.2%). Escherichia coli was the predominant pathogen, accounting for 59.8% of cases, followed by Klebsiella spp. at 18.9%, and Enterococcus spp. at 8.3%. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 89.5% of the isolates and exhibited good susceptibility to aminoglycosides and piperacillin-tazobactam, but showed resistance to fluoroquinolones. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was present in 35% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates with high susceptibility to glycopeptides and nitrofurantoin. Conclusions: The data suggest the need for careful selection of empirical therapy due to increasing resistance patterns. The stringent use of antimicrobial agents is pivotal to the control of antimicrobial resistance. Antibiotic susceptibility data contributes to tailoring the antibiotic stewardship programs to local needs.
Objective: The study aims to collect data on prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of uropathogens in a hospital in India, and to analyze any changes that have occurred over the past 5 years. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted over 5 years at Lady Hardinge Medical College & Associated Hospitals, New Del?hi. Urine samples from patients who attended outpatient department or were admitted with diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) were included in this study. Samples were cultured and tested to identify bacteria and determine antibiotic susceptibility using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: A total of number of 151 395 urine specimens were collected from January 2018 to December 2022. The prevalence of UTI was 7.5% (11 372/151 395) with the majority of patients being aged above 40 years (19.3%). The prevalence was higher in females (12.7%) as compared to males (3.2%). Escherichia coli was the predominant pathogen, accounting for 59.8% of cases, followed by Klebsiella spp. at 18.9%, and Enterococcus spp. at 8.3%. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 89.5% of the isolates and exhibited good susceptibility to aminoglycosides and piperacillin-tazobactam, but showed resistance to fluoroquinolones. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was present in 35% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates with high susceptibility to glycopeptides and nitrofurantoin. Conclusions: The data suggest the need for careful selection of empirical therapy due to increasing resistance patterns. The stringent use of antimicrobial agents is pivotal to the control of antimicrobial resistance. Antibiotic susceptibility data contributes to tailoring the antibiotic stewardship programs to local needs.
2025,1,5, DOI: 10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_42_24
Abstract:
The war in Gaza, which erupted on October 7, 2023, unleashed unprecedented assaults from the air, sea, and land, affecting the densely populated area of 360 square kilometers housing 2.3 million people. The conflict claimed over 36 000 Palestinian lives, with women and children making up 70% of the casualties, and resulted in more than 80 000 injuries. The devastation was extensive, with over 70% of homes destroyed, along with six universities, numerous hospitals, communication networks, sewage systems, water desalination plants, roads, wells, and other essential infrastructure. Over a million people were displaced from the northern regions to the southern coastal area of Al-Mawasi, which constitutes less than 3% of Gaza's total area, facing dire shortages of water, healthcare, food, and medicine. The collapse of sewage networks and garbage accumulation led to an increase in flies, mosquitoes, insects, and rodents, contributing to the spread of infectious and non-communicable diseases among the displaced population. This research aimed to study the health and environmental impacts of the war in Gaza through data collection, field visits, and photographic documentation. The findings revealed catastrophic conditions, with the destruction of all infrastructure, including buildings, hospitals, universities, mosques, churches, sanitation, water networks, and communications, and the spread of diseases such as intestinal, respiratory infections, and skin infections due to the complete lack of basic life necessities.
The war in Gaza, which erupted on October 7, 2023, unleashed unprecedented assaults from the air, sea, and land, affecting the densely populated area of 360 square kilometers housing 2.3 million people. The conflict claimed over 36 000 Palestinian lives, with women and children making up 70% of the casualties, and resulted in more than 80 000 injuries. The devastation was extensive, with over 70% of homes destroyed, along with six universities, numerous hospitals, communication networks, sewage systems, water desalination plants, roads, wells, and other essential infrastructure. Over a million people were displaced from the northern regions to the southern coastal area of Al-Mawasi, which constitutes less than 3% of Gaza's total area, facing dire shortages of water, healthcare, food, and medicine. The collapse of sewage networks and garbage accumulation led to an increase in flies, mosquitoes, insects, and rodents, contributing to the spread of infectious and non-communicable diseases among the displaced population. This research aimed to study the health and environmental impacts of the war in Gaza through data collection, field visits, and photographic documentation. The findings revealed catastrophic conditions, with the destruction of all infrastructure, including buildings, hospitals, universities, mosques, churches, sanitation, water networks, and communications, and the spread of diseases such as intestinal, respiratory infections, and skin infections due to the complete lack of basic life necessities.
Select AllDeselectExport
Display Method:
Select AllDeselectExport
Display Method:
2021,1,1, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.329022
Abstract:
2023,3,2, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.363564
Abstract:
Objective: This study aimed to determine the carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes in third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCR) Escherichia (E.) coli from frequently contacted surfaces, wastewater and disinfectant-cleaning solutions of selected healthcare institutions in South-western Nigeria. Methods: Samples were collected over three months for the isolation of 3GCR E. coli on MacConkey agar containing 6 μg/mL of cefotaxime. 3GCR E. coli isolates were identified by detection of uidA gene and susceptibility to selected antibiotics was performed using disc-diffusion method. Detection of ESBL genes was done using primer-specific PCR. Results: A total of 22 ESBL-producing E. coli (11 each from the frequently contacted surfaces and wastewater) were obtained from the pool of 3GCR isolates in this study. No isolate was recovered from the disinfectant-cleaning solution. All the ESBL-producing E. coli obtained from the frequently contacted surfaces and wastewater were multidrug resistant, with complete resistance observed to ampicillin, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, tetracycline and ertapenem. The ESBL genotyping showed that 54.5% carried blaCTX-M , 63.6% carried blaTEM and 9.1% carried blaSHV in isolates from the frequently contacted surfaces, while 63.6%, 9.1% and 18.2% carried blaCTX-M , blaTEM and blaSHV , respectively, in the isolates obtained from the wastewater. Conclusions: This study showed a high burden of multidrug resistance E. coli on frequently contacted surfaces and wastewater of the studied healthcare institutions, indicating the need for good hygiene and proper mitigation measures to prevent potential public health and environmental challenges.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes in third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCR) Escherichia (E.) coli from frequently contacted surfaces, wastewater and disinfectant-cleaning solutions of selected healthcare institutions in South-western Nigeria. Methods: Samples were collected over three months for the isolation of 3GCR E. coli on MacConkey agar containing 6 μg/mL of cefotaxime. 3GCR E. coli isolates were identified by detection of uidA gene and susceptibility to selected antibiotics was performed using disc-diffusion method. Detection of ESBL genes was done using primer-specific PCR. Results: A total of 22 ESBL-producing E. coli (11 each from the frequently contacted surfaces and wastewater) were obtained from the pool of 3GCR isolates in this study. No isolate was recovered from the disinfectant-cleaning solution. All the ESBL-producing E. coli obtained from the frequently contacted surfaces and wastewater were multidrug resistant, with complete resistance observed to ampicillin, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, tetracycline and ertapenem. The ESBL genotyping showed that 54.5% carried blaCTX-M , 63.6% carried blaTEM and 9.1% carried blaSHV in isolates from the frequently contacted surfaces, while 63.6%, 9.1% and 18.2% carried blaCTX-M , blaTEM and blaSHV , respectively, in the isolates obtained from the wastewater. Conclusions: This study showed a high burden of multidrug resistance E. coli on frequently contacted surfaces and wastewater of the studied healthcare institutions, indicating the need for good hygiene and proper mitigation measures to prevent potential public health and environmental challenges.
2023,3,3, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.389607
Abstract:
Infectious diseases remain a serious concern all over the world due to its significant impact on public health and economic stability. About 30 new causative organisms have been discovered over the past few decades, most of which are zoonotic in origins. Thus, infectious diseases are now posing a never-ending challenge to human civilisation. As a result, constant awareness along with adoption of effective strategies to control infectious disease spread has now become crucial. This review gives valuable information on diseases that emerge and re-emerge every now and then. The paper also highlights challenges related to tackling of infectious diseases in present scenario and significance of employing strategies for effective control in near future against various deadly infectious diseases like COVID-19.
Infectious diseases remain a serious concern all over the world due to its significant impact on public health and economic stability. About 30 new causative organisms have been discovered over the past few decades, most of which are zoonotic in origins. Thus, infectious diseases are now posing a never-ending challenge to human civilisation. As a result, constant awareness along with adoption of effective strategies to control infectious disease spread has now become crucial. This review gives valuable information on diseases that emerge and re-emerge every now and then. The paper also highlights challenges related to tackling of infectious diseases in present scenario and significance of employing strategies for effective control in near future against various deadly infectious diseases like COVID-19.
2023,3,4, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.378589
Abstract:
Objective: : To determine the potential risk factor of COVID-19 severity and length of hospitalization, the association between multiple antibiotics administration and the risk of severe COVID-19. Methods: :A case-control study of 58 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (the case group) and 120 non-hospitalized home isolated COVID-19 patients (the control group) was conducted. Data were collected using hospital medical records and verbal questionnaires for the participants. Results: : Totally 89.2% of non-hospitalized mild COVID-19 patients received ≤2 courses of antibiotics/year, while 36.0% of hospitalized patients received ≥4 courses of antibiotics, 56.9% received 2-3 courses of antibiotics/year and only 6.9% of them were exposed to ≤2 courses of antibiotics/year. our study emphasizes that the usage of 4 courses or higher per year was a significant risk factor for hospitalization [OR: 17.5; 95% CI (2.596-118.263); P=0.003], while the usage of ≤2 courses was a preventive predictor for severity and hospitalization [OR: 0.072; 95%CI (0.006-0.900); P=0.041]. Furthermore, age was associated with 8.4% increase in the odds of severe COVID-19 [OR: 1.084; 95% CI (1.024-1.148), P=0.005], and females were 89.1% less likely to hospitalized than males [OR: 0.109; 95% CI (0.024-0.498); P= 0.004]. Our study shows that 70.4% of cases misused antibiotics and administered the antibiotics themselves without a physician’s prescription. Around 50.0% of cases never completed the ideal duration of the course in contrast to controls, of which only 23.2% did not complete the ideal duration. Conclusions: : Our study shows that antibiotics misuse and overuse may be a potential risk factor for COVID-19 severity and hospitalization.
Objective: : To determine the potential risk factor of COVID-19 severity and length of hospitalization, the association between multiple antibiotics administration and the risk of severe COVID-19. Methods: :A case-control study of 58 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (the case group) and 120 non-hospitalized home isolated COVID-19 patients (the control group) was conducted. Data were collected using hospital medical records and verbal questionnaires for the participants. Results: : Totally 89.2% of non-hospitalized mild COVID-19 patients received ≤2 courses of antibiotics/year, while 36.0% of hospitalized patients received ≥4 courses of antibiotics, 56.9% received 2-3 courses of antibiotics/year and only 6.9% of them were exposed to ≤2 courses of antibiotics/year. our study emphasizes that the usage of 4 courses or higher per year was a significant risk factor for hospitalization [OR: 17.5; 95% CI (2.596-118.263); P=0.003], while the usage of ≤2 courses was a preventive predictor for severity and hospitalization [OR: 0.072; 95%CI (0.006-0.900); P=0.041]. Furthermore, age was associated with 8.4% increase in the odds of severe COVID-19 [OR: 1.084; 95% CI (1.024-1.148), P=0.005], and females were 89.1% less likely to hospitalized than males [OR: 0.109; 95% CI (0.024-0.498); P= 0.004]. Our study shows that 70.4% of cases misused antibiotics and administered the antibiotics themselves without a physician’s prescription. Around 50.0% of cases never completed the ideal duration of the course in contrast to controls, of which only 23.2% did not complete the ideal duration. Conclusions: : Our study shows that antibiotics misuse and overuse may be a potential risk factor for COVID-19 severity and hospitalization.
2023,3,5, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.363563
Abstract:
Rabies is widely prevalent worldwide, and China is among the countries most affected. To achieve the goal of zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030, dog management and immunization must be improved and comprehensive prevention and control measures must be adopted. We analyze the epidemiological profile of rabies in China in the past 30 years to clarify the origins of China’s high prevalence, and propose a comprehensive rabies prevention and control concept based on “One Health” by drawing on successful international control efforts.Results: The Omicron variants had the characteristics of high insidiousness, rapid transmission, high infectivity, and short incubation period, which were consistent with the characteristics of outbreaks caused by Omicron in other regions in China and abroad. There were 568 978 asymptomatic infections in Shanghai from Feburary 26 to June 30, 2022, accounting for 90.73% of the SARS-CoV-2 infections in this outbreak wave. It’s significantly different from a total of 23 277 SARS-CoV-2 infections in China between March 31, 2020 and August 8, 2021, of which 41.97% of the cases were asymptomatic infections. Conclusions: Compared with previous outbreaks emerged in China, the Omicron outbreak in Shanghai was characterized by multiple point dissemination, wide coverage, a large number of close contacts of confirmed infections and asymptomatic carriers, and difficult source tracing. The lessons from Shanghai’s response to Omicron showed that the dynamic zero-COVID policy is still the most suitable response to the virus which can quickly find the infections and curb the transmission route.
Rabies is widely prevalent worldwide, and China is among the countries most affected. To achieve the goal of zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030, dog management and immunization must be improved and comprehensive prevention and control measures must be adopted. We analyze the epidemiological profile of rabies in China in the past 30 years to clarify the origins of China’s high prevalence, and propose a comprehensive rabies prevention and control concept based on “One Health” by drawing on successful international control efforts.Results: The Omicron variants had the characteristics of high insidiousness, rapid transmission, high infectivity, and short incubation period, which were consistent with the characteristics of outbreaks caused by Omicron in other regions in China and abroad. There were 568 978 asymptomatic infections in Shanghai from Feburary 26 to June 30, 2022, accounting for 90.73% of the SARS-CoV-2 infections in this outbreak wave. It’s significantly different from a total of 23 277 SARS-CoV-2 infections in China between March 31, 2020 and August 8, 2021, of which 41.97% of the cases were asymptomatic infections. Conclusions: Compared with previous outbreaks emerged in China, the Omicron outbreak in Shanghai was characterized by multiple point dissemination, wide coverage, a large number of close contacts of confirmed infections and asymptomatic carriers, and difficult source tracing. The lessons from Shanghai’s response to Omicron showed that the dynamic zero-COVID policy is still the most suitable response to the virus which can quickly find the infections and curb the transmission route.
2023,3,6, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.374224
Abstract:
Objective: To assess the level of knowledge and practice on malaria prevention among the residents of Ratuwamai Municipality in Nepal. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out on Ratuwamai Municipality of Ward No. 8 in Morang District, Nepal. A total of 352 respondents with an age range from 15 to 70 years were interviewed from October 9 to October 31, 2022. Statistically significant differences between two or more categorical groups were measured using independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA test, and Kruskal-Wallis H test. Result: Out of the total sample, 57.7% of the respondents were 24 to 50 years old with a mean age of (36.9±14.3) years. In the knowledge test, 82% of the responses were accurate. Though 98.6% of people had heard of malaria, only 48.3% said it was a communicable disease. In practice, 84.9% always cleaned the surrounding area and trimmed the bushes around the house; 75.9% used insecticide-treated bed nets or normal bed nets for sleeping; only 7.4% used mosquito repellent creams on exposed body parts while staying outdoors at night, working in fields, and sleeping. Conclusions: The majority had knowledge about malaria, but more than half had poor practice. We advise concerned authorities to promote the behavior change communication strategy to encourage individuals to adopt healthy, beneficial, and good behavioral practices.
Objective: To assess the level of knowledge and practice on malaria prevention among the residents of Ratuwamai Municipality in Nepal. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out on Ratuwamai Municipality of Ward No. 8 in Morang District, Nepal. A total of 352 respondents with an age range from 15 to 70 years were interviewed from October 9 to October 31, 2022. Statistically significant differences between two or more categorical groups were measured using independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA test, and Kruskal-Wallis H test. Result: Out of the total sample, 57.7% of the respondents were 24 to 50 years old with a mean age of (36.9±14.3) years. In the knowledge test, 82% of the responses were accurate. Though 98.6% of people had heard of malaria, only 48.3% said it was a communicable disease. In practice, 84.9% always cleaned the surrounding area and trimmed the bushes around the house; 75.9% used insecticide-treated bed nets or normal bed nets for sleeping; only 7.4% used mosquito repellent creams on exposed body parts while staying outdoors at night, working in fields, and sleeping. Conclusions: The majority had knowledge about malaria, but more than half had poor practice. We advise concerned authorities to promote the behavior change communication strategy to encourage individuals to adopt healthy, beneficial, and good behavioral practices.
2023,3,7, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.387693
Abstract:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic of infectious disease characterized by significant morbidity, symptomatic manifestations, and severe outcomes. Vaccines have proven to be an effective means of impeding the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and have been widely employed globally. Despite breakthroughs such as mRNA vaccine, intramuscular COVID-19 vaccine still faces numerous chanllenges, such as failure to completely avoid infections, high cost, and difficult transport conditions. The mucosa is the primary site through which SARS-CoV-2 invades the body and may induce effective immune responses. In the face of the increasing immune escape capacity of the Omicron variants and the potential outbreak of a new round of epidemics, it is imperative to develop a new generation of mucosal immune vaccines to prevent infection, which is mainly transmitted through the respiratory tract, along with its severe and fatal consequences. Probiotics have not only been used as safe raw materials for fermented foods but have also been developed as oral or nasal vaccine vectors for various pathogens in recent years, showing good mucosal and systemic immune effects in animals or humans. Although the antigen delivery technology based on protein anchoring on the surface of probiotics is rarely applied to COVID-19, probiotic-based vaccines aim at a new development direction for COVID-19 vaccines with low cost, high safety, and potential mucosal immune programs. In this review, we will discuss in detail the feasibility, advantages, and possible limitations of probiotics as a mucosal immune vaccine vector, which will be conducive to coping with the current situation of COVID-19.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic of infectious disease characterized by significant morbidity, symptomatic manifestations, and severe outcomes. Vaccines have proven to be an effective means of impeding the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and have been widely employed globally. Despite breakthroughs such as mRNA vaccine, intramuscular COVID-19 vaccine still faces numerous chanllenges, such as failure to completely avoid infections, high cost, and difficult transport conditions. The mucosa is the primary site through which SARS-CoV-2 invades the body and may induce effective immune responses. In the face of the increasing immune escape capacity of the Omicron variants and the potential outbreak of a new round of epidemics, it is imperative to develop a new generation of mucosal immune vaccines to prevent infection, which is mainly transmitted through the respiratory tract, along with its severe and fatal consequences. Probiotics have not only been used as safe raw materials for fermented foods but have also been developed as oral or nasal vaccine vectors for various pathogens in recent years, showing good mucosal and systemic immune effects in animals or humans. Although the antigen delivery technology based on protein anchoring on the surface of probiotics is rarely applied to COVID-19, probiotic-based vaccines aim at a new development direction for COVID-19 vaccines with low cost, high safety, and potential mucosal immune programs. In this review, we will discuss in detail the feasibility, advantages, and possible limitations of probiotics as a mucosal immune vaccine vector, which will be conducive to coping with the current situation of COVID-19.
Hongrang Zhou, Xiaoling Wang, Guifu Li, Xiaoming Wang, Zhe Zhou, Wen Kong, Yinjun Pan, Xingxing Xu, Kaiyou Ye, Junfeng Pan, Ning Xiao
2022,2,8, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.362641
Abstract:
Objective: The study aimed to describe the characteristics and containment of the Omicron variants in Shanghai compared with the previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants in China. Methods: We summarized the data retrieved from the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission from January to June 2022 and the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China from March 2020 to August 2021. Epidemiological analysis was utilized to describe the differences among SARS-CoV-2 variants and the infection situation in the outbreaks in China. Results: The Omicron variants had the characteristics of high insidiousness, rapid transmission, high infectivity, and short incubation period, which were consistent with the characteristics of outbreaks caused by Omicron in other regions in China and abroad. There were 568 978 asymptomatic infections in Shanghai from Feburary 26 to June 30, 2022, accounting for 90.73% of the SARS-CoV-2 infections in this outbreak wave. It’s significantly different from a total of 23 277 SARS-CoV-2 infections in China between March 31, 2020 and August 8, 2021, of which 41.97% of the cases were asymptomatic infections. Conclusions: Compared with previous outbreaks emerged in China, the Omicron outbreak in Shanghai was characterized by multiple point dissemination, wide coverage, a large number of close contacts of confirmed infections and asymptomatic carriers, and difficult source tracing. The lessons from Shanghai’s response to Omicron showed that the dynamic zero-COVID policy is still the most suitable response to the virus which can quickly find the infections and curb the transmission route.
Objective: The study aimed to describe the characteristics and containment of the Omicron variants in Shanghai compared with the previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants in China. Methods: We summarized the data retrieved from the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission from January to June 2022 and the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China from March 2020 to August 2021. Epidemiological analysis was utilized to describe the differences among SARS-CoV-2 variants and the infection situation in the outbreaks in China. Results: The Omicron variants had the characteristics of high insidiousness, rapid transmission, high infectivity, and short incubation period, which were consistent with the characteristics of outbreaks caused by Omicron in other regions in China and abroad. There were 568 978 asymptomatic infections in Shanghai from Feburary 26 to June 30, 2022, accounting for 90.73% of the SARS-CoV-2 infections in this outbreak wave. It’s significantly different from a total of 23 277 SARS-CoV-2 infections in China between March 31, 2020 and August 8, 2021, of which 41.97% of the cases were asymptomatic infections. Conclusions: Compared with previous outbreaks emerged in China, the Omicron outbreak in Shanghai was characterized by multiple point dissemination, wide coverage, a large number of close contacts of confirmed infections and asymptomatic carriers, and difficult source tracing. The lessons from Shanghai’s response to Omicron showed that the dynamic zero-COVID policy is still the most suitable response to the virus which can quickly find the infections and curb the transmission route.
2022,2,9, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.346831
Abstract:
Objective: To review the characteristic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks in mainland China, particularly post-Wuhan outbreaks, and to help design effective responses in the foreseeable future. Method: The data regarding COVID-19 outbreaks between December 2019 and March 16, 2022 were obtained from China’s publicly available databases. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Five outbreak stages were defined according to distinct epidemiological characteristics across different time periods over the past two years. Result: Since the 2020 Wuhan outbreak, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) local infections were confirmed in 37 995 cases as of March 16, 2022. We identified 285 isolated outbreaks in unrelated people that occurred in four additional distinct stages, over 57% of which had been imported, such as imported infected travelers and fomite transmission. The basic reproduction number (R0) of original SARS-CoV-2 was about 2.79, while the Delta variant was about 5.08 and Omicron was 7.0 or greater, resulting in the disease being more contagious during the fourth (Delta) and fifth (Omicron) stages than previous stages. Conclusion: China has experienced various COVID-19 outbreaks of different levels since the start of the pandemic in Wuhan, and local transmission is mainly caused by imported sources. If the “dynamic COVID-zero” policy is not appropriately followed, it will be difficult to contain the spread in China from overseas and to cope with the Omicron variant.
Objective: To review the characteristic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks in mainland China, particularly post-Wuhan outbreaks, and to help design effective responses in the foreseeable future. Method: The data regarding COVID-19 outbreaks between December 2019 and March 16, 2022 were obtained from China’s publicly available databases. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Five outbreak stages were defined according to distinct epidemiological characteristics across different time periods over the past two years. Result: Since the 2020 Wuhan outbreak, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) local infections were confirmed in 37 995 cases as of March 16, 2022. We identified 285 isolated outbreaks in unrelated people that occurred in four additional distinct stages, over 57% of which had been imported, such as imported infected travelers and fomite transmission. The basic reproduction number (R0) of original SARS-CoV-2 was about 2.79, while the Delta variant was about 5.08 and Omicron was 7.0 or greater, resulting in the disease being more contagious during the fourth (Delta) and fifth (Omicron) stages than previous stages. Conclusion: China has experienced various COVID-19 outbreaks of different levels since the start of the pandemic in Wuhan, and local transmission is mainly caused by imported sources. If the “dynamic COVID-zero” policy is not appropriately followed, it will be difficult to contain the spread in China from overseas and to cope with the Omicron variant.
Hongrang Zhou, Guifu Li, Xiaoming Wang, Zhe Zhou, Wen Kong, Jingfei Hu, Kaiyou Ye, Wenjiang Zhong, Xiaoling Wang, Ning Xiao
2023,3,10, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.374229
Abstract:
The COVID-19 vaccines provide a high degree of protection against severe disease, hospitalisation, and death. However, no vaccine claimed 100% effectiveness and it is expected that a small proportion of vaccinated individuals may develop a breakthrough infection due to individual differences, virus variants and other factors. We conducted an epidemiological investigation and analysis of an imported case who had finished four doses of vaccination, and in order to provide a relevant reference for regular epidemic prevention and control in the post-pandemic era.
The COVID-19 vaccines provide a high degree of protection against severe disease, hospitalisation, and death. However, no vaccine claimed 100% effectiveness and it is expected that a small proportion of vaccinated individuals may develop a breakthrough infection due to individual differences, virus variants and other factors. We conducted an epidemiological investigation and analysis of an imported case who had finished four doses of vaccination, and in order to provide a relevant reference for regular epidemic prevention and control in the post-pandemic era.
2022,2,11, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.343630
Abstract:
Objective: To investigate the genetic mechanism and prevalence of antibiotic resistance among the practitioners of two bathing beaches in tropical China. Methods: Totally 259 strains were isolated from the rectal swabs of the practitioners and screened by MacConkey agar. A questionnaire survey was conducted. Kirby-Bauer test was used for phenotype, and double disc inhibition synergy test was used for extendedspectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E), which was further confirmed by VITEKII instrument. The genotype was detected by polymerase chain reaction, and the similarities of ESBL-E were analyzed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Results: The prevalence of ESBL-E was 13.1% (34/259), of which, CTX-M genes accounted for 44.1% (15/34), mainly CTX-M-14 and CTX-M-27. Moreover, 19.1% (4/21) of the isolates were homologous. The resistance phenotypes of ESBL-E to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ceftazidime, cefepime and gentamicin were different between two beaches(PCTX-M genes at the island beach, while a high prevalence of ESBL-E was found at the city beach and clone transfer occurred. Conclusions: ESBL-E-associated gentamicin antibiotic resistance risk may be greater for island beach practitioners. The city beach populations could face more potential risks owing to severe resistance and metastatic ability of ESBL-E. The environmental exposure mechanisms and transfer role of antibiotic resistance at public beaches with high density should be investigated.
Objective: To investigate the genetic mechanism and prevalence of antibiotic resistance among the practitioners of two bathing beaches in tropical China. Methods: Totally 259 strains were isolated from the rectal swabs of the practitioners and screened by MacConkey agar. A questionnaire survey was conducted. Kirby-Bauer test was used for phenotype, and double disc inhibition synergy test was used for extendedspectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E), which was further confirmed by VITEKII instrument. The genotype was detected by polymerase chain reaction, and the similarities of ESBL-E were analyzed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Results: The prevalence of ESBL-E was 13.1% (34/259), of which, CTX-M genes accounted for 44.1% (15/34), mainly CTX-M-14 and CTX-M-27. Moreover, 19.1% (4/21) of the isolates were homologous. The resistance phenotypes of ESBL-E to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ceftazidime, cefepime and gentamicin were different between two beaches(PCTX-M genes at the island beach, while a high prevalence of ESBL-E was found at the city beach and clone transfer occurred. Conclusions: ESBL-E-associated gentamicin antibiotic resistance risk may be greater for island beach practitioners. The city beach populations could face more potential risks owing to severe resistance and metastatic ability of ESBL-E. The environmental exposure mechanisms and transfer role of antibiotic resistance at public beaches with high density should be investigated.
2023,3,12, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.376722
Abstract:
Objective: SARS-CoV-2 infection is an ongoing public health emergency of international significance. Considering that there is no specific drug and 100% effective vaccine yet, knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19 are crucial to prevent and manage the pandemic. This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practices toward COVID-19 prevention measures of graduate students at a university in northwestern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted between September to December 2020. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics and KAP of 407 randomly selected individuals. The data were exported to SPSS version 23.0, and bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used for analyses. Variables with P＜0.25 in the bivariate logistic regression analysis were retained into the multivariable logistic regression models. The values were considered to be statistically significant ( P≤0.05). The data quality control was tested by using 5% pretest. Results:Among 407 participants, 267 (65.6%) had sufficient knowledge, 239 (58.7%) had positive attitude and 189 (46.4%) had good practices toward COVID-19. Marital status (AOR 0.38; 95%CI 0.11-0.95; P=0.040) and student admission type (AOR 0.32; 95%CI 0.15-0.68; P=0.003) had a statistically significant association with knowledge of students. Residence (AOR 0.18; 95%CI 0.09- 0.34; P＜0.01) (AOR 0.16; 95%CI 0.07-0.36; P＜0.01), family size (AOR 0.45; 95%CI 0.23-0.87, P=0.017) (AOR 0.29; 95%CI 0.14-0.60; P=0.001), student admission type (AOR 0.11: 95%CI 0.04-0.29, P＜0.01) (AOR 0.01; 95%CI 0.00-0.05; P＜0.01) and monthly income (AOR 0.17; 95%CI 0.05-0.58; P=0.005) (AOR 0.08; 95%CI 0.02-0.32; P＜0.01) were significantly associated with positive attitude and good practices, respectively. Besides, good practices such as avoiding handshaking and physical distancing were performed in the least amount of participants. Conclusions: The scores of KAP among graduate students toward COVID-19 are low. It is recommended that university administrators reinforce proactive and effective measures to develop good knowledge, positive attitude, and better practices regarding COVID-19 for the students.
Objective: SARS-CoV-2 infection is an ongoing public health emergency of international significance. Considering that there is no specific drug and 100% effective vaccine yet, knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19 are crucial to prevent and manage the pandemic. This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practices toward COVID-19 prevention measures of graduate students at a university in northwestern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted between September to December 2020. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics and KAP of 407 randomly selected individuals. The data were exported to SPSS version 23.0, and bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used for analyses. Variables with P＜0.25 in the bivariate logistic regression analysis were retained into the multivariable logistic regression models. The values were considered to be statistically significant ( P≤0.05). The data quality control was tested by using 5% pretest. Results:Among 407 participants, 267 (65.6%) had sufficient knowledge, 239 (58.7%) had positive attitude and 189 (46.4%) had good practices toward COVID-19. Marital status (AOR 0.38; 95%CI 0.11-0.95; P=0.040) and student admission type (AOR 0.32; 95%CI 0.15-0.68; P=0.003) had a statistically significant association with knowledge of students. Residence (AOR 0.18; 95%CI 0.09- 0.34; P＜0.01) (AOR 0.16; 95%CI 0.07-0.36; P＜0.01), family size (AOR 0.45; 95%CI 0.23-0.87, P=0.017) (AOR 0.29; 95%CI 0.14-0.60; P=0.001), student admission type (AOR 0.11: 95%CI 0.04-0.29, P＜0.01) (AOR 0.01; 95%CI 0.00-0.05; P＜0.01) and monthly income (AOR 0.17; 95%CI 0.05-0.58; P=0.005) (AOR 0.08; 95%CI 0.02-0.32; P＜0.01) were significantly associated with positive attitude and good practices, respectively. Besides, good practices such as avoiding handshaking and physical distancing were performed in the least amount of participants. Conclusions: The scores of KAP among graduate students toward COVID-19 are low. It is recommended that university administrators reinforce proactive and effective measures to develop good knowledge, positive attitude, and better practices regarding COVID-19 for the students.
2022,2,13, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.345316
Abstract:
Objective: To determine the prevalence of Helicobacter (H.) pylori infection among the population of east coast of Borneo and explore the relationship between demographic factors, ethnicity and risk of H. pylori infection. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 211 patients who underwent elective oesophagogastroduodenoscopy in 2017. Demographic data, endoscopic indications as well as the results of the mucosal biopsy were obtained and analysed from the endoscopy unit registry. Results: A total of 211 patients from 14 ethnic groups were enrolled in the study, most of were Chinese (28.4%), followed by Dusun (14.7%) and Songgai (13.7%). Overall, the period prevalence for 2017 was 44.5%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed an association between ethnicity and H. pylori. Bajau (adjusted odds ratio=5.612, P=0.005) and Dusun ethnic groups (adjusted odds ratio=7.359, P=0.001) were at a significantly higher risk of H. pylori infection compared to Chinese. However, the regression model only explained 11.6% (Cox & Snell Pseudo R2 ) of the prevalence of H. pylori infection. Conclusions: The period prevalence for 2017 was 44.5%, with certain indigenous ethnic groups having a higher risk than others. Clinicians should consider obtaining further history regarding the ethnic’s culture and dietary practice prior to starting H. pylori eradication therapy.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of Helicobacter (H.) pylori infection among the population of east coast of Borneo and explore the relationship between demographic factors, ethnicity and risk of H. pylori infection. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 211 patients who underwent elective oesophagogastroduodenoscopy in 2017. Demographic data, endoscopic indications as well as the results of the mucosal biopsy were obtained and analysed from the endoscopy unit registry. Results: A total of 211 patients from 14 ethnic groups were enrolled in the study, most of were Chinese (28.4%), followed by Dusun (14.7%) and Songgai (13.7%). Overall, the period prevalence for 2017 was 44.5%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed an association between ethnicity and H. pylori. Bajau (adjusted odds ratio=5.612, P=0.005) and Dusun ethnic groups (adjusted odds ratio=7.359, P=0.001) were at a significantly higher risk of H. pylori infection compared to Chinese. However, the regression model only explained 11.6% (Cox & Snell Pseudo R2 ) of the prevalence of H. pylori infection. Conclusions: The period prevalence for 2017 was 44.5%, with certain indigenous ethnic groups having a higher risk than others. Clinicians should consider obtaining further history regarding the ethnic’s culture and dietary practice prior to starting H. pylori eradication therapy.
2023,3,14, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.371403
Abstract:
Objective: To determine the urinary tract infections (UTIs)-causing bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern for the proper and complete treatment of UTIs in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: We collected 300 urine samples from diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant women at various gestational ages. After isolating and identifying uropathogens, we conducted an antibiotic sensitivity assay against fourteen commonly used antibiotics: amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, azithromycin, cefixime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, levofloxacin, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin. Results: Among the participants, 70% had DM but only 37.3% had positive uropathogen growth. Five gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., and Pseudomonas spp.) and 3 gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp.) were indentified. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent bacteria (57.1%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (19.6%). In the antibiotic susceptibility assay, we found 96.5% of the isolated organisms were highly susceptible to levofloxacin, 94.2% to netilmicin, 88.2% to nitrofurantoin, 85.1% to amikacin, 79.8% to gentamicin, respectively. On the other hand, 64.8%, 63.6%, 61.8% of the isolates demonstrated high-level resistance to ampicillin, ceftazidime and amoxicillin whereas 38.0%, 37.1%, 33.6%, 30.9% and 30.0% of the organisms were resistant to co-trimoxazole, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, cefixime, respectivey. Conclusions: Our results suggest that amikacin, levofloxacin, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin, and gentamycin can be used as first-line treatments for UTIs, whether the patient has DM or not. Contrarily, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, azithromycin, and co-trimoxazole should be avoided in treating UTIs.
Objective: To determine the urinary tract infections (UTIs)-causing bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern for the proper and complete treatment of UTIs in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: We collected 300 urine samples from diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant women at various gestational ages. After isolating and identifying uropathogens, we conducted an antibiotic sensitivity assay against fourteen commonly used antibiotics: amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, azithromycin, cefixime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, levofloxacin, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin. Results: Among the participants, 70% had DM but only 37.3% had positive uropathogen growth. Five gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., and Pseudomonas spp.) and 3 gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp.) were indentified. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent bacteria (57.1%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (19.6%). In the antibiotic susceptibility assay, we found 96.5% of the isolated organisms were highly susceptible to levofloxacin, 94.2% to netilmicin, 88.2% to nitrofurantoin, 85.1% to amikacin, 79.8% to gentamicin, respectively. On the other hand, 64.8%, 63.6%, 61.8% of the isolates demonstrated high-level resistance to ampicillin, ceftazidime and amoxicillin whereas 38.0%, 37.1%, 33.6%, 30.9% and 30.0% of the organisms were resistant to co-trimoxazole, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, cefixime, respectivey. Conclusions: Our results suggest that amikacin, levofloxacin, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin, and gentamycin can be used as first-line treatments for UTIs, whether the patient has DM or not. Contrarily, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, azithromycin, and co-trimoxazole should be avoided in treating UTIs.
2022,2,15, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.348853
Abstract:
“One Health” perspective has now been upheld and advocated by many countries and international institutions such as the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the World Organization for Animal Health, and the World Bank Groups. At present, 19 countries, 5 international institutions and 4 regional organizaitons are working jointly to promote “One Health” perspective, with two important development trends. First, it should be put into practice with legal support, government will, and cooperation among multiple disciplines and departments; second, it not only covers zoonotic diseases, food safety and antibiotic resistance, but has now been extended to address environmental pollution, biosecurity, public health risks at ports and other fields. Taking the global fight against the COVID-19 pandemic as an example, the world now is facing unprecedented challenges, urgently calling for an exploration into institutional innovation, agency innovation and means innovation from the perspective of “One health” so as to enhance the governance efficiency of public health management.
“One Health” perspective has now been upheld and advocated by many countries and international institutions such as the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the World Organization for Animal Health, and the World Bank Groups. At present, 19 countries, 5 international institutions and 4 regional organizaitons are working jointly to promote “One Health” perspective, with two important development trends. First, it should be put into practice with legal support, government will, and cooperation among multiple disciplines and departments; second, it not only covers zoonotic diseases, food safety and antibiotic resistance, but has now been extended to address environmental pollution, biosecurity, public health risks at ports and other fields. Taking the global fight against the COVID-19 pandemic as an example, the world now is facing unprecedented challenges, urgently calling for an exploration into institutional innovation, agency innovation and means innovation from the perspective of “One health” so as to enhance the governance efficiency of public health management.
2022,2,16, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.347379
Abstract:
2022,2,17, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.356847
Abstract:
Objective: To determine the occurrence of multidrug resistant bacteria from the indoor environment of female hostels in a tertiary institution in order to provide epidemiological data. Methods: The bacterial quality of the three female hostels was evaluated using the settle plate method, where Petri dishes containing different types of culture media were opened in the rooms. Isolated bacteria were identified using standard microbiological procedures. Using disc diffusion method, the antibiogram of the isolates was determined and based on this, the multiple antibiotics resistance index was also determined. Results: The total heterotrophic colony forming units（CFU) for Hall A ranged from 2.09 x102 to 1.73 x103 CFU/m3 while that of Hall B ranged from 4.71 x102 to 1.10 x103 CFU/m3 and a statistically significant difference between the counts of both halls was observed (P=0.04). Microorganisms isolated included Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium sp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. All the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime and ceftriaxone. Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Corynebacterium sp. had the least multiple antibiotic resistance index with 0.2 while Staphylococcus aureus had the highest with 0.8. Conclusions: Female university hostels may become sources of exchange of microorganisms, especially in overcrowded rooms. A large percentage of isolates were multidrug resistant which could pose difficulty and increased cost of treatment of their resulting infections. Regular surveillance and control of the agents that encourage the growth of these bacteria present in indoor air is needed.
Objective: To determine the occurrence of multidrug resistant bacteria from the indoor environment of female hostels in a tertiary institution in order to provide epidemiological data. Methods: The bacterial quality of the three female hostels was evaluated using the settle plate method, where Petri dishes containing different types of culture media were opened in the rooms. Isolated bacteria were identified using standard microbiological procedures. Using disc diffusion method, the antibiogram of the isolates was determined and based on this, the multiple antibiotics resistance index was also determined. Results: The total heterotrophic colony forming units（CFU) for Hall A ranged from 2.09 x102 to 1.73 x103 CFU/m3 while that of Hall B ranged from 4.71 x102 to 1.10 x103 CFU/m3 and a statistically significant difference between the counts of both halls was observed (P=0.04). Microorganisms isolated included Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium sp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. All the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime and ceftriaxone. Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Corynebacterium sp. had the least multiple antibiotic resistance index with 0.2 while Staphylococcus aureus had the highest with 0.8. Conclusions: Female university hostels may become sources of exchange of microorganisms, especially in overcrowded rooms. A large percentage of isolates were multidrug resistant which could pose difficulty and increased cost of treatment of their resulting infections. Regular surveillance and control of the agents that encourage the growth of these bacteria present in indoor air is needed.
2022,2,18, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.350691
Abstract:
Maiada Mahmoud Hashem Shams, Ebthal Mamdouh Hamdy, Karim Atia Mohamed, Mai Othman Qwaider, Belal El-Agha, Sarah Abd-Alhamed Elmatary
2022,2,19, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.356988
Abstract:
b>Objective: To investigate the antibiotic utilization and prescription patterns as well as define its convenience to the norm in four North- Sinai hospitals, Egypt. Antimicrobial resistance is a universal health threat. The golden era of miracle antibiotics has ended and we have faced the challenge of being troubled by infectious diseases with no discovery of new antibiotics found since 1987. Antibiotic pressure, overuse, and misuse are important risk factors for antimicrobial resistance and hospital cross-infection. To combat antimicrobial resistance, Egypt started its National Action Plan (2018-2022) aiming to optimize the usage and consumption of antibiotics. Method: This multicenter descriptive cross-sectional study was designed to describe the pattern of antibiotic prescription and consumption at four North Sinai Hospitals related to the Ministry of Health and Population. We reviewed 309 medical records of the inpatient department; the samples were selected through a stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected retrospectively from the medical records of the hospitalized patients in October, November, and December of 2020 by a paper-based method. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Result: The prevalence of antibiotic consumption is near 68.9% in the four hospitals indicating that two-thirds of admitted patients receive antibiotics. Approximately 52.1% administered antibiotics for no reason. Most of the admitted patients took antibiotics on the same day of admission, regardless of the different types of hospital departments. Furthermore, 98.7% of antibiotics were prescribed without culture or order for culture and microbiological tests. Broad-spectrum antibiotics were 90% of all antibiotics prescribed. A total of 18 types of antibiotics were prescribed, cefotaxime was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic representing 26.5%. Conclusion: Judicious antibiotic prescribing behavior slows down the nature of antibiotic resistance. To guarantee the best antimicrobial use in the hospitals, standard treatment guidelines, and the Essential Medicines List for infectious diseases should be carried out and revised at least every 2 years to be a clinical reference for clinicians. Continuous education and training of clinicians and healthcare workers can contribute to optimizing the rational use of antibiotics, which in return reduces the progress of antibiotic resistance. There is an urgent need for antibiotic stewardship and surveillance and their application in all hospitals.
b>Objective: To investigate the antibiotic utilization and prescription patterns as well as define its convenience to the norm in four North- Sinai hospitals, Egypt. Antimicrobial resistance is a universal health threat. The golden era of miracle antibiotics has ended and we have faced the challenge of being troubled by infectious diseases with no discovery of new antibiotics found since 1987. Antibiotic pressure, overuse, and misuse are important risk factors for antimicrobial resistance and hospital cross-infection. To combat antimicrobial resistance, Egypt started its National Action Plan (2018-2022) aiming to optimize the usage and consumption of antibiotics. Method: This multicenter descriptive cross-sectional study was designed to describe the pattern of antibiotic prescription and consumption at four North Sinai Hospitals related to the Ministry of Health and Population. We reviewed 309 medical records of the inpatient department; the samples were selected through a stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected retrospectively from the medical records of the hospitalized patients in October, November, and December of 2020 by a paper-based method. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Result: The prevalence of antibiotic consumption is near 68.9% in the four hospitals indicating that two-thirds of admitted patients receive antibiotics. Approximately 52.1% administered antibiotics for no reason. Most of the admitted patients took antibiotics on the same day of admission, regardless of the different types of hospital departments. Furthermore, 98.7% of antibiotics were prescribed without culture or order for culture and microbiological tests. Broad-spectrum antibiotics were 90% of all antibiotics prescribed. A total of 18 types of antibiotics were prescribed, cefotaxime was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic representing 26.5%. Conclusion: Judicious antibiotic prescribing behavior slows down the nature of antibiotic resistance. To guarantee the best antimicrobial use in the hospitals, standard treatment guidelines, and the Essential Medicines List for infectious diseases should be carried out and revised at least every 2 years to be a clinical reference for clinicians. Continuous education and training of clinicians and healthcare workers can contribute to optimizing the rational use of antibiotics, which in return reduces the progress of antibiotic resistance. There is an urgent need for antibiotic stewardship and surveillance and their application in all hospitals.
2022,2,20, DOI: 10.4103/2773-0344.362642
Abstract:
Mobile website
One Health Bulletin ® 2025 All Rights Reserved